ome (Jos. Ant. XVI. i. 3). When Antipas be- came tetrarch (he was called ‘king’ only by
* The arrangement of the conjunctive particles suggests that the first three mentioned were prophets, the last two naen and Saul) teachers. See Meyer, tn loc. ; cf. Xen. Mem. li. 3. 19.
+ Antipas is the only Herod whom St. Luke elsewhere (Lk 81.19) calls ‘Herod the tetrarch,’ although Philip (Lk 81) and, up till a.p. 52, Agrippa (Ac 2513) might also have been 80 called. Agrippa, however, was only about seventeen at the time Manaen is designated as a teacher; Antipas would be over
sixty.
t Quoted by J. Lightfoot in Hor. Heb. et Talm. p. 25.
§ While stricter Essenes eschewed marriage, a section of them allowed it. See art. EssEnes, vol. i. p. 768.
| Of. Chimham'’s reception into the royal household 88 a token of honour to his father Barzillai (2 S 1937),
MANAHATH
rourtesy) on his father’s death, Manaen would naturally have some position in the ‘royal’ house- hold; and, assuming that St. Luke and Manaen afterwards became acquainted at Antioch, with which both were connected,” it would most prob- ably be from Manaen that St. Luke derived his
knowledge of many facts concerning Antipas, his household, and other members of the Herodian family (Lk 81 19-20 85 97-9 1331- 32 238-12, Ac 12),
The time, occasion, and instrumentality of Manaen’s becoming a follower of Christ are un- known. He may have been drawn to the Master simultaneously with Joanna, the wife of Chuza, Herod’s steward (Lk 88), or with the Herodian nobleman (βασιλικός, i.e. courtier) whose son was healed by Jesus (Jn 46: 5%), The ministry of the Baptist,+ which notably influenced Herod himself (Mk 6°), may have been blessed to one whose Essene origin might predispose him towards our Lord’s ascetic forerunner. His discipleship need not have involved departure from Herod’s court ; but the separation must have taken place, if not earlier, in A.D. 39, when the tetrarch, instigated by his ambitious wife, left Palestine for Rome, in order to obtain royal dignity, but was condemned by Caligula to perpetual exile (Jos. Ant. XVII. vii. 2). About the time of Antipas’ removal, or soon after, the Gentile Church of Antioch was founded by Jewish Christians who had left Judea after Stephen’s martyrdom (Ac 11”). From his subsequent qposnon as a prominent Christian teacher at Antioch, we may assume as highly probable that Manaen was one of these founders. At all events, he had a leading share (1) in build- ing up a mother Church in the third sity of the empire, (2) in propagating successfully the pure Christian faith and life in a city whose moral cor- raption was proverbial, (3) in establishing the great truth, then but dimly discerned even by apostles, that the Gentiles were fellow-heirs, on equal terms with the Jews, of the divine promise of salvation.
LireRaTuRE.—Walch, ‘de Menahemo,’ in Diss. Ac. Ap.; J. Lightfoot, Hor. Heb.; Plumptre, ‘Manaen’ in Biblical Studies ; Cassell’s Bible Educator, ii. 29, 82. H. Cowan.
MANAHATH (πη, Mayavad(e)i, Manaoth).—1. Mentioned only in 1 Ch 8° as the place to which certain Benjamite clans were carried captive. Targ. adds ‘in the land of the House of Esau,’ and Syr. and Arab. VSS borrow a word from the next verse and translate ‘to the plain of Naaman.’ The town is probably identical with that implied in Manahethites (wh. see), with the Μανοχώ οἱ the Greek text of Jos 15°, where the LXX preserves a list of towns which had been lost from our Heb. text; and if the text in Jg is correct, with the Menuhah (wh. see) of Jg 909 RVm. The site of the city is unknown. Conder (PEF Mem. iii. 21, 136) suggests Ma/ha, 3 miles S.W. of Jeru- salem. The text of 1 Ch 85 is probably corrupt.
2. (Mav(v)axd(0), Maxavdu, Μαναχάμ, Manahat(h)). —Gn 36" (P), 1 Ch 1” ‘son of Shobal, son of Seir, the Horite,’ i.e. eponymous ancestor of a clan of Edom, or of the earlier population conquered and absorbed by Edom. See, further, art. MANA- HETHITES. W. H. BENNETT.
MANAHATHITES.—See MANAHETHITES.
MANAHETHITES stands in AV for nimo> (A ’Ap- μανίθ, B Μωναιώ, RV Menuhoth) in 1 Ch 2° ‘(These were the sons of Caleb. . . Shobal) And Shobal the father of Kiriath-jearim had sons, Haroeh, half
* Eus. (/7£ iii. 4) affirms St. Luke’s Antiochene paren Ἂ and the numerous references to Antioch in Ac suggest the familiarity of the writer with this city.
+ From Manaen St. Luke may have obtained the information
about the Raptist not given by the other evangelists (Lk 157-80 8...
MANASSEH 229
of the Menuhoth’; and also for ἘΠῚ (A Μανάθ, B Μαλαθεί, RV Manahathites) in 1 Ch 2% ‘(These were the sons of Caleb . . . Salma) The sons of Salma; Beth-lehem ... and half of the Mana- hathites, the Zorites.’ The Vulgate translates ‘rest’ (dimidiwm requietionum (or -is)) in both verses. We should read (with Kittel, SBOT) Ἐπ ‘Manahathites’ in both verses. The genealogy is to be interpreted as meaning that the city Mana- hath, occupied by portions of two sections of the Edomite clan Caleb, came to be reckoned to Judah. See art. MANAHATH. W. H. BENNETT.
MANASSEAS (ΜανασσήαΞ), 1 Es 981-.-. MANASSEH, Ezr 10”.
MANASSEH (av3n).—1. A king of Judah. He was the son of Hezekiah and father of Amon. His mother’s name was Hephzi-bah (2 K 21). He probably came to the throne B.C. 686. He is said to have been twelve years old on his acces- sion. The length of his reign is given as fifty-five yeas but this should, it ssems, be reduced to orty-five, in which case he died B.c. 641. Of the actual history of this long reign we know very little, the attention of the author of the Book of Kings being fixed on the condition of religion. The reign was probably peaceful and prosperous, at any rate we have no indication to the contrary in our oldest source. But in the matter of religion it was quite otherwise. During the reign of Hezekiah those who attached themselves to the higher teaching of the prophets had formed a owerful party which had great influence over the