Besides λειτουργός and διάκονος there is in NT a third word still (RV) occasionally trans- lated ‘ minister,’ viz. ὑπηρέτης (-εῖν), lit. an ‘ under- rower’ in a galley, but used simply as ‘servant,’ and retaining no special connotation from its derivation, unless it be that of subordination. The verb is used of David’s service of God, Ac 13%, and Moses is called by Josephus God’s ὑπηρέτης (Ant. I. i. 4). The subst. is found only twice in the canonical LXX, and -ei and -ecla once each, and all in the various senses of ordinary service. But in Wis the words occur eight times, and once (6*) in a lofty sense,—kings the ὑπηρέται of God’s kingdom. In this word the subordination comes out more distinctly than in the other two (ef. Xenoph. Cyr. vi. 2. 13=the orderly of a com- mander), but διάκονος and ὑπηρέτης are continually running into one another (1 Co 4', 2Co 113). Of the five places where AV translated the subst. by ‘minister,’ three remain in RV: Lk 13 (‘m. of the word’: ef. Ac 64 ‘ διακονία of the word’), Ac 9018 (‘m. and eye-witness’ for Christ), 1 Co 41 (‘m. of Christ’: ef. 2 Co 11% ‘ διάκονοι of Christ’). RV appropriately gives ‘attendant’ or ‘servant’ else- where: so John Mark (Ac 13°) is now the ‘attendant’ on Paul and Barnabas ; possibly, as Blass suggests, for the secondary work of bap- tizing; and, as Ramsay suggests (St. Paul the Traveller, p. 71), ‘the curiously incidental way’ in which he is brought before the reader’s notice (and, we may add, the word of subordination, chosen to describe his position) may serve ‘to emphasize the secondary character of John Mark, in view of what was to happen in Pamphylia: he was not essential to the expedition: he had not been formally delegated by the Church of Antioch: he was an extra hand, taken by Paul and Barnabas on their own responsibility.’ So also the ‘minister’ in Lk 4” is now the ‘attendant’: he was the hazzan of the temple,—‘a kind of verger,’ see DEACON in vol. i. p. 575,—‘ whose office it was (Schiirer, HJP 11. ii. 66 f.) to bring out the Holy Scriptures at public worship and to put them by again.’ He was no Jewish anticipation of deacon, but was in every respect the servant of the con-
egation, having, e.g., to execute upon those con-
emned to it the punishment of scourging (Makkoth iii. 12), and also to instruct the children in reading (Shabbath i. 3; but see EDUCATION in vol. i. p. 660"). A similar use of the word occurs in Mt 5” ‘ deliver thee to the officer,’ i.e. one of the attendants or officials of the Sanhedrin, like lictors or sergeants- at-arms (Schiirer, HJP τι. 1. 187), the temple police, a special feature in the Fourth Gospel (Jn 1818 e.g.), from whom Jesus doubtless takes His parallel when in Jn 18% He says, ‘my ὑπηρέται would now be ΠΙΆ For Mt’s ὑπηρέτης (535) Lk (1958) gives πράκτωρ, the avenger of the tragedians (A!sch. ΠΣ: 319), the taxgatherer of Demosthenes (778. 18), the blic accountant of the papyri (3rd cent. B.C., see eissmann, Beitrdge, p. 152), who has now become an under-officer of justice. J. MAsSIE.
MINNITH
MINNI (32, LXX παρ᾽ ἐμοῦ, Aq. Symm. Mevel).— Name of a country mentioned in Jer 517 between Ararat and Ash-kenaz, and summoned to make war on Babylon. It is evidently equivalent to Mann, which figures frequently in Assyrian inscriptions in close connexion with Urartu (Ararat); and which the authors of the maps appended to K/B i. and ii. place somewhere between Lake Van and the Araxes, while Sayce (J RAS, 1882, p. 389) infers from the line of march of the Assyrian kings that this people must have lived on the S.W. shores of Lake Urmia. The Assyrian texts supply us with several names, both local and personal, connected with Mann. Their chief city was called Zirtu or Izirtu, and their chief fortress Ishtat (Assurbanipal, ed. S. A. Smith, i. 21); other cities were Izibia, Armed, Shuandakhul, and Zurzukka (Sargon, ed. Winckler, pp. 105, 107); tribes included in Mann were Umildish, Zikirtu, and Misianda (id.). Shalmaneser Π. in the year 830 A.D. attacked king Udaki of Mann (KJB i. 147), and his suc- cessor Shamsi-Ramman received tribute from this country (ib. 179). In Sargon’s history the kings of Mann play an important part. He relates how, after the death of their king Iranzu, he put on the throne Iranzu’s son Aza. Aza was shortly after- wards murdered by insurgents, who at the instiga- tion of king Ursa of Urartu put Aza’s brother Ullusunu on the throne. Sargon marched against the insurgents and defeated them, but on Ullusunu’s submission received him into favour. Presently, however, Ullusunu again revolted, but the pee ἘΣ tion is defective at the point where it originally recorded his fate (Winckler, /.c. and 89). Assur- banipal in his fourth campaign attacked Akhsheri king of Mann, seized his capital Izirtu, and laid waste 15 days’ extent of country. After Akhsheri had been betrayed by his subjects, the Assyrian king set Akhsheri’s son Ualli on the throne, but increased the tribute of Mann ea horses, and took Ualli’s son Erishinni and his daughter to Nineveh (5. A. Smith, 1.6. 23).—In the Vanic inscription of the kings Minuas and Argistis, whose dates can be approximately fixed for the last decade of the 9th and the first decade of the 8th cent. B.C., there are repeatedly allusions to the conn Ma-na-a, and even to a king named Haza, probably a namesake of, though not identical with, (Sayce, J.c. 607). certainty that the country of Mann was raided by the kings of Van (=Urartu), but the lan composed is perhaps still too obscure to give us much more information. Both sets of documents lead us to suppose that Mann was a province of considerable extent, and thickly populated ; that it was alternately under Assyrian and Vanic domination, and suffered severely from the rival of these powers. The words that have been quo have no obvious linguistic affinities, and it does not appear that any of the local names have been maintained. Ὁ. 5. MARGOLIOUTH.