* The χαλκοῦς was a copper coin, eight of which were equiva- lent to a silver obo! (4 drachm).
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tations proposed is given ef. Schiirer, H.JP I. i. 28 mentioned here.
(1) Heber is the Heb. for the yepoucla or senate of the books of Maccabees and Judith, the later Sanhedrin (so Geiger, Levy, Madden, ete., and most recently Wellhausen, Isr. ὦ. juéid. Gesch. [1894], 236).
(2) Heber denotes the whole body of the people. This view has found an able advocate recently in Prof. Eb. Nestle (ZATW, 1895, 288 tf. : 1an=€@vos), who seeks to prove the equation stated in the title of his paper, and this other: 72n νη τε ἐθνάρχης, a title frequently given to the Hasmonzan princes in the books of Maccabees. Neither of these views
uite commends itself to the present writer. On the one hand, it is difficult to account for the mention of a body like the yepougla, which our best authorities regard as of little or no importance at this epoch (see Wellh. doc. cit., and Holtzmann- Stade, Gesch. ii. 398); on the other hand, it is not less difficult to see why the more familiar words cy, 77, etc., were passed over if Nestle is right. The , we believe, supplies the key. In Pr 21° (=25%) the Heb. 72m m3 (lit. house of association, t.e. one shared with another) is rendered ἐν οἴκῳ κοινῷ, while κοινωνέω and κοινωνός are elsewhere em- ployed to render derivatives of the root 127. We consider, then, that the 725 of the coins is the equivalent of the Gr. expression τὸ κοινὸν in one of its various significations. Of these the following are the most probable: (a) respublica, common- wealth, community.* τὸ κοινόν in this sense is synonymous with ἡ πόλις (Aristotle, ap. Bonitz, op. cit.), and may be illustrated by the expressions τῷ πολιτεύματι τῶν ἐν Bepevixy ᾿Ιουδαίων, CIG iii. No. 5361 (date B.c. 13), quoted by Schiirer, Ὁ Il. ii. 246, and τὸ σύμπαν τῶν ᾿Ιοππιτῶν πολίτευμα, Ὡ Μᾶς 127. In favour of this interpretation may be adduced the fact that the contemporary bronze coins of the semi-autonomous cities, as we saw above, combine the royal name with that of the people (TYPIQN, ete.; see list in Babelon, ci). (δ) public authorities, officers of state (Staats- behorden), perhaps the executive. In support of this rendering we would appeal to the use by Josephus in his Life (passim) of the expression τὸ κοινὸν τῶν ᾿Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν, apparently in the sense of ‘the executive authorities of the people of Jerusalem.’ A comparison of § 52 (Niese, 266 f.) with § 60 (N. 309f.) seems to show Secarpagsan (1) that the κοινόν must have been a body with functions resembling those of an executive of the δῆμος, and (2) that the former is to be taken as synonymous with ol τῶν ᾿Ἱεροσολυμιτῶν πρῶτοι, by which expression, at the first mention of his appointment as governor-general of Galilee (§ 9), Josephus designates the nominating body, which in all succeeding references he names τὸ κοινὸν τῶν Ἵερ. (c) The meaning ‘ confederation,’ which κοινόν so frequently has in the constitutional history of the Greek states, may also be suggested ; but, with our lack of knowledge regarding the constitution of the Jewish State at this period, it is best to leave the solution of the equation 737 Ξε κοινόν an open question.
Aristobulus (B.c. 105-104), in his few extant coins, retains the earlier legend of his father: *Yéhddah high priest and the commonwealth (7) of the Jews.’ They were all apparently struck before he assumed—first of the Gaatinnsee the title of king (Jos. Ant. xu. xi. 1). The powerful Alex- ander Jannzeus (Heb. *xy:, contracted from jpj, }p)'7") during his long reign (B.C. 104-78) issued a plenti- ful supply of bronze coins. Some of these are remarkable (1) for the appearance for the first
by Madden (Coins, p. 77; 4f.). Only two need be
* See Liddell and Scott ; S:hweighiuser, Herod. Lex. ; Bonita Index Aristot. 4.0.
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time of the royal title, and (2) for the introduction of a Greek legend. Thus (No. 7)—
Obv. 3boa jnnm Vehénathan ham-mélek, Jonathan theking. Type: ahalf-opened flower (another series has the same legend with each letter be- tween the rays of a star, which serves as type).
Rev. BAZIAEQE AAEZANAPOY. Type: an anchor with two cross-timbers within a circle.
Besides these regal coins, Alexander issued a series of pontifical coins with the legend ‘ Jonathan (written jnn7 and ry the high priest and the commonwealth (?) of the Jews.’ On the reverse is the double cornucopie with the poppy-head, which, like the anchor on the regal series, shows the con- tinued influence of the Seleucid coinage. For full details of the numerous varieties of Alexander’s coins as for those of John Hyrcanus, the student is referred to Madden and the other writers men- tioned in the bibliography at the end of this article. The only other Hasmonzan prince whose coins are of sufficient interest to warrant mention in this sum- mary is Antigonus (B.C. 40-37), the protégé of the Parthians ἐπεὶ the last of the dynasty. These inform us that Antigonus bore the name of his illustrious ancestor, Mattathias, and they are the first Jewish coins to show a date: xv and av, t.e. ‘year (73y) one’ and ‘year two’ of his unfortunate reign. ‘The Asmonean dynasty commenced with a Matta- thias, with the coins of a Mattathias the Asmonean dynasty concludes’ (Madden). All these native coins, we must repeat, were from first to last of bronze, and all, with the exception of some of those of Antigonus, of very small size, viz. 2 and 3 of Mionnet’s scale, t.e. about °5 and °6 in. in diameter. Further research, and in particular much patient weighing, of the extant coins will be required before we can pronounce with confidence on the denominations they represent—in other words, on their relation to the standard silver money. The smallest coins, at least, can scarcely be other than the periitah of later Jewish writings, the lepton of the NT (cf. 8 8).