Mortar made with lime is being more frequently used now than formerly. The lime is slaked in a long wooden box, and the liquid portion run off into a pit; when the pit is full, the lime is covered with sand. It is the opinion of the builders in Lebanon that the lime should remain in the pit for several months before being used. The lime in Lebanon is rich, and has no hydraulic properties ; and during the rainy season a good deal of the lime in a building is washed away, even when the mortar seems to be hard. In making mortar the lime is usually mixed with ordinary clay, but a reddish clay containing some red oxide of iron is preferred. Sand is used for outside work on account of its colour.
For making plaster for coating the inside walls of houses, lime and sand are generally used now, mixed with straw or hemp cut small, instead of hair, which is never used. A cement for plastering the sides of cisterns is often made with lime, woo ashes, pounded calcareous spar, and sand. Over the coating just mentioned a finer one is put, consisting of lime and homra, which is broken pottery ground very fine. All channels for run- ning water are coated with lime and homra.
Roofs and floors of houses are often laid with concrete, which is formed of lime, sand, and stones broken small. This has to be beaten constantly day and night till it has hardened. Some of the very old buildings in Lebanon are said to have been built with mortar in which oil took the place of water. W. CARSLAW.
MORTIFY.—To ‘mortify’ is to put to death. The word was once used literally, as in Erasmus, Commune Crede, fol. 81, ‘ Christ was mortified and killed in dede, as touchynge to his fleshe : but was quickened in_spirite.” In AV it is used only
guratively, Ro 813 ‘If ye through the Spirit do mortify the deeds of the body, ye shall live’ (εἰ - - - θανατοῦτε, RVm ‘make to die,” Amer. RV ‘put to death’); Col 3° ‘ Mortify therefore your
* Brass mortars are now generally taking the place of the old wooden ones.
members which are upon the earth’ (vexpdécare, RVm ‘make dead,’ Amer. RV ‘put to death’). The translation in both places comes from Tindale, and is adopted by all the versions ; Wyclif’s word is ‘slay.’ Cf. Tindale, Prologe to Leviticus, ‘ Bap- tism signyfyeth unto us repentaunce and the mortefyinge of oure unruly members and body of synne, to walk in a newe lytle and so forth.’ Fuller (Holy State, p. 70) exclaims of the ancient Fathers, ‘ ὁ the holinesse of their living and pain- fulnesse of their preaching ! how full were they of mortified thoughts, and heavenly meditations’ ; and (p. 81) he describes St. Anthony the monk as ‘having ever (though a most mortified man) a merry countenance.’ Hall, Works, i. 68, says, ‘If we preach plainly, to some it will savour of a care- lesse slubbering, to others of a mortified sincerity.’ The biblical use of the word is ley seen in Rogers, neal Grounds of Christian Re igion, one of the early Catechisms (1642): “Ὁ. What ws Sancti- fication? A. The purifying of our whole nature. Q. Which be the parts of it? A. Mortifying and quickening.’ J. HASTINGs.
MOSERAH, MOSEROTH.—Moserah occurs Dt 10° (AB Mewadal, F Micadal, Vulg. Mosera), and is noted as the place where Aaron died and was buried. This passage is generally considered as a part of E’s narrative of the journeyings, Moseroth occurs Nu 8399. 81 (Μασσουρώθ B v.” and -ρούθ B y.*!, and A in both vv., Vulg. Moseroth) as the first of the 8 stations following Hashmonah, on the route to Mt. Hor. For discussion of these names see EXODUS AND JOURNEY TO CANAAN, vol. i. p. 805, § iii., and Driver’s notes on Dt 10° in Int. Crit. Com. p. 119f. Trumbull (Kadesh Barnea, p. 128) thinks that Jebel Madura is the modern equivalent of Moserah, and would make that the burial-place of Aaron. A. T, CHAPMAN.
MOSES.—
A, Name. B. Moses in the Old Testament. i, The Documents. ii. The Narrative in J. iii. The Narrative in E, iv. The Narrative in P. v. Moses in D, ete. vi. Moses in tbe OT outside the Pentateuch. vii. Reconstruction of the History. C. Moses in the New Testament. D. Moses in Tradition. Literature. A, NAME.—%'p (Mosheh) ; Josephus, Philo, SAB, ete., in LXX and NT generally Μωυσῆς, but occa- sionally, as in later MSS, Μωσῆς, ete.; Moyses ;
nn Leato. The MT form and pointing imply the derivation from 7wp ‘draw,’ given in Ex 2”, which is not accepted. The form Μωυσῆς implies the derivation, given by Josephus (Ant. I. ix. 6, 6. Ap. i. 31) and Philo (Vita Moys. i. 4), from the Coptie mo ‘water’ and ushe ‘saved’; or moti ‘ water’ and se ‘taken,’ a view once fashionable, but now mostly set aside in favour of the derivation from the Egyptian mes, mesu, ‘son, child’ ; see Oxf. Heb. Lex.*
B. Moses IN THE OLD TESTAMENT. —i. The Documents.—As the OT includes more than one tradition as to the life and work of Moses, these traditions are given separately below. The sepa- ration, however, of J from cannot be effected with absolute certainty; and the division of JE material between J and E and the various editors is, in a measure, provisional. Some of the points as to which there is most doubt are placed in