And the same good bishop’s Cives Calestis Patria sets forth the symbolism of the sardonyx, which may properly be considered a mere variety of the onyx— *Sarponyx, with its threefold hue,
Gets forth the inner man to view;
Where dark humility is seen,
And chastity, with snow-white sheen,
And scarlet marks his joy to bleed
In Martyrdom, if faith shall need.’
Lrrarators.—The books most worth consulting are King’s
Antique Gems; Middleton's Engraved Gems ; Streeter's Precious Stones. Clapton's Precious Stones of the Bible ia not of much use, J. TAYLOR,
* Flinders Petrie thinks shdham is the green felspar ; see art. Stones (Precious). VOL. 111.—40
OPEN PLACE 625
OPEN.—This verb (like aperio and ἀνοίγνυμι) is occasionally used in AV (though the use was then archaic) in the sense of ‘make known,’ ‘disclose.’ Thus Jer 20" ‘Unto thee have I opened my cause’ (πὴ, LXX ἀπεκάλυψα, Vulg. revelavi, Wye. ‘shewide,’ Cov. [wrongly] ‘committe,’ Gen. popes.) Douay and RV ‘revealed’*); 2 Es 109 “Of these things which have chanced, these are to be opened unto thee’ (hac erant tibi aperienda); 13% ‘The interpretation of the vision shall I shew thee, and I will open unto thee the thing that thou hast required’ (adaperiam tibi); 2 Mac 12% ‘who had opened the things that were hid’ (φανερὰ ποιῶν; RV ‘who maketh manifest’); Lk 24% ‘while he opened to us the Scriptures’ (διήνοιγεν) ; Ac 175 ‘Paul . . . reasoned with them out of the scriptures, opening and alleging that Christ must needs have suffered’ (d:avolywv) ; He 4 « All things are naked and opened unto the eyes of him with whom we have to do’ (rerpaxndiouéva,t RV ‘laid open before’), Examples in contempora and earlier writers are frequent: Dt 20° Tind. ‘the secrettes perteyne unto the Lorde oure God and the Ehinges that are opened perteyne unto us’; Is 2! Coy. ‘Morover this is the worde that was opened unto Esaye the sonne of Amos, upon Iuda and Ierusalem’; Mt 1035 Tind. ‘There is no thinge so close that shall not be openned’ (Wye. ‘ schewid,’ Gen. ‘disclosed,’ Rhem. ‘revealed’); 16'7 Tind. ‘fleshe and bloud hath not opened unto the that’ (Rhem. ‘revealed it to thee’); so Lk 2® 10”, Jn 1938 (‘To whom ys the arme of the Lorde opened 7), 1 P 5! [all ‘open in Tind., ‘reveal’ in Rhem. and AV]; Jn 15 ‘all things that I have heard of my father I have opened to you’ (Rhem. ‘notified,’ Wyc. and AV ‘made knowen’). Cf. Lk 19beading in Rhem. NT, ‘In Iericho he lodgeth in the house of Zachzus the Publicane, and against the mur- muring Iewes openeth the reasons of his so do- ing’; Gosson, Schoole of Abuse (Arber’s ed. p. 27), ‘Chiron was... a Reader of Phisicke, by opening the natures of many simples’; Lever, Sermons (Arber, p. 140), ‘By God’s ordinaunce the scriptures and the preachers of God do open and declare that ye be all synners.’
We have the same use of the adj. in 1 Ti δ᾽: ‘Some men’s sins are open beforehand, going before to judgment’ (πρόδηλοί εἰσι, Vulg. manifesta sunt). The AV is from Tindale, the RV gives ‘are evident.’ Cf. Ac 2” Wye. ‘ Befor that the greet and the opun day of the lord come’ (ἐπιφανῇ, Rhem. ‘ manifest,’ AV and RV ‘notable’); He 7} Wye. ‘It is opene that oure lord is borun of iuda’ (πρόδηλον ; Tind. and others, including AV and RV, ‘ evident,’ Rhem. ‘manifest’). J. HASTINGS.
OPEN PLACE.—41. In AV of Gn 38 Tamar is said to have taken her seat ‘in an open place,’ but undoubtedly the correct rendering of oy noD3 (LXX πρὸς ταῖς πύλαις Αἰνάν) is that of RV, ‘in the gate of Enaim’; so also read in v.” with RV ‘at
* In Job 8817 the same Heb. verb is translated ‘opened,’ and RV gives ‘revealed’ as here ; but it is probable, as the reference is to gates (‘Have the gates of death been opened unto thee?’), that it is rather a mistrans. than an archaism. The LXX has ἀνοίγονται ; Vulg. aperte sunt; both Wyc. and Cov. have ‘opened.’
t The meaning of this word is known, but it is ποῖ easy to see the exact metaphorical use here made of it. The vert τρα χηλίζω comes from τράχηλος, the " neck,’ round which a mill stone might be hung (Mt 15%, Mk 942, Luke 17%), or a yoke placed (Ac 15)), or on which one may affectionately fall (Lk 15%, Ac 2087), or which may be exposed to the executioner (Ro 16*) The verb (which is not found in LXX, and here only in NT) follows the last-named use of τρώχπλος (possibly through τραχηλισμός, & technical term for the grip of a wrestler on his adversary’s neck). It is used by Philo freely in the sense of ‘bringing to one’s feet,’ ‘ having at one’s mercy’; and #0 in this passage te is probably more than laid bare (as if the neck were twisted back and exposed to view), rather as Rendall (whose tr. is ‘downcast’) ‘bowed dowa with remorse and shame.’
OPHAT
626
OPHIR
Enaim’ for ‘openly’ of AV. See art. ENAIM. ἃ. In 1 K 22"=2 Ch 18° Ahab and Jehoshaphat have their thrones set up ‘in an open (AV ‘a void’) place’ (AVm ‘a floor,’ RVm ‘a threshing- floor’) at the entrance of the gate of Samaria. The Heb. 733 is certainly peculiar, and attempts have been made to emend the text. Klostermann, followed by Kittel (in 5.80 7], instead of MT ονϑὴρ ΓΒ O32 would read 0757 "1;3 ‘3p (‘ clothed in their robes of state’); Wellhausen (in Bleek‘, 249 Anm. 2) thinks 78 1s a dittography of 0733, and would simply omit it. This is perhaps favoured by the LXK of 1 Καὶ 22”, which reads merely ἔνοπλοι ἐν ταῖς πύλαις (A πύλεσιν) Σαμαρείας, although in 2 Ch 189 it has ἐνδεδυμένοι στολάς, καθήμενοι ἐν τῷ εὐρυχώρῳ θύρας πύλης Σαμαρείας, which is a verbatim rendering of the present MT in the latter passage. The Syr. VS seems to point to 07793 0722 (‘ variegated robes’), and this is adopted by Bertheau, but the word 2773 is used elsewhere (Gn 31! , Zec 6**) only of animals. Other conjectural emendations are ‘133 ἸΌΝ ‘purple robes’ (Kamphausen), py} ‘772 ‘ mili- tary equipment’ (Benzinger, founding upon LXX ἔνοπλοι. With or without }33, the scene of Micaiah’s interview with Ahab and Jehoshaphat is clearly marked as the open space that would be found before the gate of ἀξ τα (cf. Benzinger, Heb. Arch. p. 132). J. A. SELBIE.