656 PALLU
tatest important architectural remains are found in the mosques built by the great Egyp. rulers of the 13th and 14th cents. Modern additions to the architecture include the Latin monasteries at Jerusalem, Nazareth, Bethlehem, Carmel, etc., with smaller Greek monasteries, and Protestant churches and orphanages at Jerusalem, Nazareth, etc. The real antiquities of Palestine are, however, for the most part hidden in the great mounds which mark the sites of ancient cities such as Ashkelon, Megiddo, Lachish, Cesarea, ete., which require further excavation.
Lrreraturs.—The ee of Palestine occupies a stout volume recently published by Herr Réhricht, but the number of standard works necessary for the student is not large. Reland’s Palestina Ilustrata is still valuable, and Robinson's Biblical Researches torm an invaluable storehouse of literary notices. The results of exploration are found in the publications of the Palestine Exploration Fund (1865-1900), and esp. in the Memoirs of the Survey, including seven quarto volumes illus- trated. Three of these treat of Western Palestine, one of Moab, one of Jerusalem, one contains Special Papers, and the last gives the Arab nomenclature. Three volumes are added on the Natural History, Botany, and Geology, and two more are to follow on the Archmological discoveries of M. Clermont- Ganneau. To these must be added the maps (1 inch to the mile), with those on a smaller scale which give the results as bearing on ancient phy. The Egyp. records relating to Pales- tine will be found in Brugsch’'s History of Egypt, and in Chabas’ Voyage d'un Egyptien, see also W. M. Muller, Asien u. Europa;
ro, won of Civilization, Struggle of the Nations, and parta of Hogarth's Authority and Archeology; the ierret’s
lling of the names is ΕΞ in hieroglyphic t in ictionary. The Tel el-Amarna tablets are published in fac- simile (Thontafelfund von el Amarna) by Winckler and tr4 by him in vol. ν. of K/B (see also Petrie’s Syria and Egypt from the Tell el Amarna Letters, and Conder’s Tell Amarna Tablets, 2nd ed.). The Assyr. records are tr. in RP, and (better) in K/B i.-iii., and in Schrader’s valuable work on the Cuneif. Inscript.and OT. The early Christian and Moslem accounts are treated in the publications of the Palestine Pilgrim Texts Society. The Greek inscriptions were collected by Waddington and de Vogiié (Inscriptions Grecques et Latines de la Syrie), and to the latter we owe valuable works on Jerusalem and on the churches of the crusaders. The history of the various scripts is given by Isaac Taylor oie Alphabet), and the coinage is treated by Madden (Coins of the Jews). The Talmudic geography is detailed by Neubauer (Géographie du Talmud), and the Arab geographies ye hos! le Strange (Pal. under the Moslems); while the most important works treating of the crusaders include sp Gesta Dei, the History by William of Tyre, the valuable Regesta Regni Hierosolymitant by Herr Rohricht, and Rey’s Colonies Fra: 8 de Syrie. Many other publications might be added to this list of leading works, such as the publications of the German Palestine Society, the works of de Saulcy, Guérin, and others, and scattered papers, given by the Biblical Archwological Society and other anti. quarian societies. Popular works on the country are not included in this list. 6 features of the country may be best understood from the τ Σ model by Mr. G, Armstrong pub- lished by the Palestine Exploration Fund. The topogra, hical uestions and antiquities are treated in G. A. Smith's HHL; eker, Pal. (last ed.); Nowack, Heb. Arch. ; Benzinger, do. ; see also Conder’s Handbook to the Bible. Important details may also be studied in the British Museum catalo; 168 5 and M. Maspero’s studies of the ge: phical lists of Thothmes mt, and Shishak have been published in the Transactions of the Victoria Institute (for Thothmes, 1886, p. 277 ff., 1888, p. 53 ff. ; for Shishak, 1894, Ὁ. 68 {7.), which, together with those of the Royal Asiatic Society, contain other se bearing on Palestine ; cf. also parts of Sayce’s Patriarchal Palestine. The Mediaval Samaritan Topography is to be found in Juynboll’s Samaritan Book of Joshua, and in Neubauer’s Samaritan Chronicle, to which Nutt’s Samaritans may be added as of value. Recent researches have so entirely changed the basis on which Palestine antiquities are now studied, that the traditional Christian topogra hy has ceased to be regarded as of primary importance, ej many works founded on this information have become obsolete. Out- side the Bible the most important ancient work bearing on the ~andition of the country, about the Christian era, continues to 2e that of Josephus; but his text is so corrupt, and his state- ments of distance and area are so discordant, that it is impossible to rely on his accuracy in these details.
C. R. Conver. PALLU (mb5; Φαλλούς, Φαλλούδ). --- One of the sons of Reuben, Gn 46°, Ex 64, Nu 26°-8, 1 Ch 53, The patronymic Palluites (‘x$52, Φαλλουεί) occurs in Nu 26°. We should probably read Pallu for PELETH (wh. see) in Nu 164.
PALM (oF THE HAND).—The Heb. word "> kaph {from 422 to be bent, bowed), signifies the hand as bent or hollow, the palm in readiness for holding
PALM TREE
or grasping, and it is used with great freedom in OT. Pharaoh’s cup is set upon the palm of lis hand (Gn 40"-#); the widow of Zarephath haa ‘but a palmful of meal’ (1 K 17); the palms are clapped in applause (2 K 1113) or in derision (Nu 24"); men seize with the palm (Ezk 297), and smite their palms together in han eee (Pr 6}; the palms are spread out in prayer (Ex 939. 5); it is by the toil of the palms that men earn their bread (Gn 31"); and to bein one’s palm is the Heb. expression for to be in one’s power. The Eng. idiom uses ‘hand’ in almost these places. Indeed ‘palm’ never occurs in AV except when followed by ‘of the hand ’ (Ly 14", 18 54, 2 Καὶ 9®, Is 49!8, Dn 1010), In Dn 5° * ‘part’ (AV and RV) should be ‘ palm.’