pee SF Stddte Pamphyliens; Hill, Cat. of Coins, Brit. Mus., Pamphylia, eto. On the ecclesiastical facta several articles by Gelzer in Jahrbiich. fiir protestant. Theologie, xii; and Ramsay, Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor (see Indez, 8.vv.). W. M. Ramsay.
PERGAMUS or PERGAMUM (7) Πέργαμος or τὸ Πέργαμον ; the word occurs in NT only in dat. and accus., leaving the nom. uncertain; in other authorities both forms occur; Ptolemy, Dion Cassius (lix. 28. 1), and Stephanus Byz. have Ilép- Ὕαμος,Σ while almost all other writers and inscrip- tions have Πέργαμον) was a great and famous city of Mysia, adjoining the district called Teuthrania, about 15 miles up the Caicus valley from the sea, and about 3 miles north of the river, which was navigable for the small ancient ships. Two small streams joined the Caicus near Pergamum, the Selinus actually flowing through the city and the Keteios washing its walls on the east. Between these two streams was a well-marked hill, which was the site of the earliest city and of the Acro- polis of the later city (with many of its most magnificent buildings, agora, nasium, Greek theatre, temples of Dionysos, Athena, Faustina, Trajan, etc., and the great altar of Zeus). The enlarged later city extended across the Selinus to the south-west ; and here were amphitheatre, circus, Roman theatre, probably the temple of Augustus, and farther west the sacred precinct and temple of Asklepios.
Pergamum was an ancient city, which strack coins as early as 420-400. But its greatness began early in the 3rd cent., when Phileterus managed to appropriate a great treasure deposited there under his charge by king Lysimachus ; and by the support of Seleucus, the Syrian king, he gradually made himself independent and powerful (B.C. 284—- 263). He was succeeded by his nephew, Eumenes (263-241) ; thereafter succeeded AttalusI., who took the title of king (241-197) ; Eumenes 1. (197-159) ; Attalus π|. (159-138); and Attalus m1. (138-133), who bequeathed his kingdom to the Romans.
The military glory of the Attalid kings and of Pergamum lay in the wars with the Gauls or Galatians (which see), who invaded Asia Minor in B.C. 278. Eumenes I. paid tribute to the Gauls; but Attalus 1. refused to continue this humiliating
* Notitia, iv. 60, xii. 14, 85 (Parthey, pp. 136, 237, 288): the stubborn unwillingness of the official Notitim to ize the real facta appears the Fourth Notitia, which still continues to mention Side (iv. 11) In its old place as head of Pamphylia, besides recording its new situation. But xii. mentions the new situation twice, under each name. :
+ Known only from Georgius Pachymeres, 1. p. 386 (Hist.
. Aa. Min, p. 300).
Steph. Thes., quotes Xen. Hell, ill. 1. 6, Paus. vil. 16. 1, x. 25. 10, eto. (where the fem. gender proves the nom., unless σέλε is to be understood), but does not mention the above instances. The true text in b., Strab., Appian, Philostr. ote., is τὸ Mipyauer,
PERGAMUS OR PERGAMUM 7498
custom ; and when war followed he won a great ΤΑ ΡΟΣ at the sources of the Caicus, about B.c. 241-- 240. It was in the flush of this victory that Attalus assumed the title of king. The success was cele- brated in art and literature asa triumph of Hellenic civilization over barbarism. This and other vic- tories gave Attalus supremacy over great part of western Asia Minor (Asia cis Taurum); but about 222 the Seleucid dominion over this country was re- stored, and Pergamenian power shrank once more to its previous narrow bounds, what was called the πατρώα ἀρχή seme ely con Pergamum. Attalus slowly reconquered his lost empire, and, taking ad- vantage of the Roman enmity against the Seleucid kings, he threw all his strength on the side of the eae republic. About 205 he actively aided the
mans to get from Pessinus the sacred image of the Phrygian mother of the gods, which the Sibyl- line books directed them to bring to Rome as a condition of success in the war against Hannibal. Eumenes I. continued the policy of alliance with Rome. He actively co-operated in the war of 190, and at the e of 189 the whole Seleucid do- minions on this side of Taurus were given to him. Thus once more Pergamum became the capital of western Asia Minor, and in the following 18 years Eumenes carried on vigorous operations in central Asia Minor, and won several successes over the Gauls (who had been settled in the part of ancient Phrygia and Cappadocia which was henceforth ealled GALATIA). But the Romans were not in-
clined to allow Eumenes to become too strong, and their steady though carefully veiled support maintained the Galatians in independence, when they seemed on the point of falling into subjection
to Pergamum.
In the spring of the year 133 Attalus m1. died, leaving a will in which, while he ordered that Pergamum and the other towns should be admini- stered as constitutional, self-governing cities, he bequeathed his entire kingdom to the Romans.* At this point the coinage of Pergamum again begins to illuminate the city, whereas from 284 to 133 the coins were exclusively royal. The most famous class of Per, ene coins, the map ea struck first by the kings, were continued τ the royal rule ended. Cistophori were struck, not only at Pergamum but also at many other of the great cities of Asia (including Mysia, Lydia, Phrygia, and Caria), and they were the commonest current silver coin in the ean lands. The was composite, uniting the cista mystica and other accompaniments of Dionysiac worship. The coin- age of Pergamum continues in an unbroken and very rich series down to the reign of Gallienus, in the latter part of the 3rd cent. after Christ.