4. St. Peter in connexion with Babylon,
5. St. Peter in connexion with Rome.
6. Chronological notices in (i.) the Chronicon of Euse- bius ; (ii.) the Liber Pontijicalis.
7. The burial-places of St. Peter, and memorial days.
8. The ‘Acts of Peter’ (Gnostic, Catholic). The Quo vadis legend.
9, The Clementine literature.
10, Non-canonical writings bearing St. Peter’s name: (i.) the Gospel; (ii.) the Preaching; (iii.) the Apocalypse ; (iv.) the Judgment; (v.) the Letter to James.
IV. RecoNSTRUCTION OF THE LATER History or St. Perer. 1, St. Peter’s visit to Rome, and martyrdom there.
2. The Simonian legend.
8. Lhe period between the ‘Council’ at Jerusalem and St. Peter's arrival at Rome.
I. History oF ST. PETER TILL THE ASCEN- SION.—1. Names.—The apostle bears the names Συμεών or Σίμων, Κηφᾶς or Πέτρος ; sometimes the names are combined—Ziuwy Πέτρος. (a) Συμεών, Σίμων, When the Jews were brought into con- nexion with Greek life, for the old Hebrew name of the patriarch (Gn 9933)---ὐ νον, Συμεών (LXX)— the true Greek name Σίμων was frequently sub- stituted (Sir 50). In 1 Mac the ancestor of the Maccabees is Συμεών (21, οὗ, Jos. Ant. XI. vi. 1); Simon Macc. himself is once called Συμεών (2%), Συμεών is found in Jos. BJ Iv. iii. 9, and in the NT (of persons other than the apostle) Lk 2", Ac 13". Σίμων is often transliterated into Aramaic as ΠΡ (see Dalman, Die Worte Jesu p. 41, Gram. Aram. p. 143; ef. Deissmann, Bibelstudien p. 184; it should, however, be noticed, that in the Syriac
versions of the NT the old form ΣΤΟΝ alone is
used). The apostle then bore the Hebrew name Symeon, but was much more often (see below) called by the Greek name Simon, which had be- come its common equivalent. (2) Κηφᾶς, Πέτρος. The plural of the Hebrew substantive (o'22= ‘rocks’) is found in Job 30°, Jer 4% (LXX πέτραι in both og eo ‘In the Targums (Buxtorf, Lexicon Chaldaicum 1032) [the word] occurs as 72, ΜΕΘ, for a rock or a stone (e.g. gems, hail- stones, thunderbolts), ora shore. The same senses recur in the Talmud and Midrashim (Levy- Fleischer, Newheb. u. Chald. Worterb. ii, 321 £2); where the word has also the meaning “ring”; apparently the sense ‘‘rock” is rare’ (Hort, First Ep. of St. Peter p. 152). There seems to be no evidence that the word was in any other case used as a name; it has no connexion with the name Caiaphas (Nestle in Expos. Times x. p. 185). Similarly, with regard to the Greek equivalent Πέτρος, there is little or no evidence of its occurrence as a proper name. Keim (History of Jesus of Nazara iv. p. 265, Eng. tr.) refers to Jos. Ané. XVII. vi. 3, where a freedman of Berenice, mother of Agrippa L, is in some texts named Πέτρος ; but
PETER (SIMON)
----.--.
according to ἃ better supported ee the name is Πρῶτος (see Niese). From Rabbinic literature a very few instances of the occurrence of the name Peter are adduced (see Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah i. p. 475n.; Dalman, Gram Aram. p. 147).
The usage of NT.—({a) Συμεών. In 2 P 11 the reading Συμεὼν Πίτρος (RAKLP and the mass of MSS) is perhaps better sup- ported than its rival Σίμων Π, (B curs. circ. 20, verss. pler.), and certainly, as a combination which occurs nowhere else in the NT, it is not likely to be due to copyists. In one passage of the NT the name stands above suspicion. St. James begins his speech in Ac 1614 with the words “Avdpis ἀδελφοί, ἀκούσατέ μου. Συμεὼν ἱξηγήσατο x.7.A. Here the Hebrew name Συμεών completely harmonizes with the intentional antiqueness of the opening appeal (cf. e.g. 20h 20202811), (Ὁ) The Greek Σήμων (apart from the combination Σ. Πέτρος) is not found in the narrative of the Gospels after the apostle’s call excepy in connexion with the lists of the apostles (Mt 418102, Mk 116. 29f. 36 316, Lk 438 68M. 10 614, Jn 141), On the other hand, Simon is the name by which our Lord addresses him (Mt 1725, Mk 1437, Lk 2241, and, with his father’s name added, Mt 1617, Jn 142 21160"), the exceptions (see below) being Mt 1618, Lk 2254; and by which the apostles are introduced as speaking of him (Lk 2434; but see Mk 167). Thus it would seem that during the months of discipleship the apostle was still commonly known by his name Simon; and this was the case even in much later days among those who, being outside the Church, could not under- stand the strange Πέτρος as in itself a sufficient designation (Ac 105-18. 32 1118), (c) After St. Peter had taken his place as leader in the earliest stages of the Church's history, that name—Kyees, [1érees—which his Master had given him as pro- phetic of his special functions, superseded, at least in Chris- tian circles, his original name Simon. So late as the time when St. Paul wrote to the Galatians and to the Corinthians, the great Apostle of the Circumcision was recognized among distant Gentile Churches under his Aramaic name Cephas (Gal 118 29. 11. 14,* 1 Co 112 322 95 155)—a fact which suggests that at Jeru- salem, where St. Paul first knew him, and whence emissaries came to Corinth and to the Churches of Galatia, the name Cephas at least most frequently was used. At the same time, at any rate in Galatia, the Greek equivalent Πέτρος was not unknown (Gal 27%). Atall events, before the time when 1 Peter, the Synoptic Gospels, and the Acts were written, the Greek name Πέτρος was that one by which the apostle was known throughout the Christian Church. As to details, the name Πέτρος predominates in the Synoptic Gospels (narrative)—Mt 19 times, Mk 18 times, Lk 16 times; it is common in Jn (15 times); it is exclusively used in the narrative of the Acts, 51 times. As to the use of Πέτρος in speeches in place of the usual Σίμων (see above)—in Mk 167 the evangelist extends hisown usage into his report of the angel's message; in Lk 2234 [lécps seems designedly used to bring out the tragic contrast between the typical position of the apostle and his destined failure; in Ac 1018 117 (the voice from heaven), though it may at first sight seem simplest to suppose that the name was used by which he was then commonly known, yet it must be remembered that this first opening of the door of faith to the Gentiles was one of the occasions in view of which our Lord gave him the name Peter. (d) The combination Size» Πέτρος never occurs in Mk. It is found once in Mt (1616), once in Lk (58)—both passages recording a turning-point of the apostle’s life; in St. John it is used no fewer than 17 times; it is at least a well-supported variant in 2P 11, The combination then appears to be one which naturally suggested itself to two evangelists in con- nexion with two events closely bearing on St. Peter’s life-work, and which, partly perhaps as uniting current Christian usage with a distant past, was a favourite with St. John. In one part of the Church, as might have been expected, the name Cephas survived. In the Syriac versions of the Gospels and of the Acts the common name for the apostle is Simon Cephas.