commenced to use the type of Pallas. About B.c. 168 it began to strike coins with the types of the Lycian confederacy (Κοινὸν Λυκίων), founded in that year (see LycIA); and in the lst cent. it also struck coins which are of a different style. There can therefore be no doubt that at least in the period later than B.C. 77 (when it was captured by Ser- vilius Isauricus), it ceased to be a member of the Lycian confederacy ; and Strabo mentions that it was not a member in his time (B.C. 64-A.D. 19). But Mr. G. F. Hill, in his Catalogue of Coins in the Brit. Museum, Lycia, p. \xvii, thinks there is no reason to deny its membership during the period before B.c. 77. But the mention of Phaselis among the States to which the Roman consul sent letters in B.C. 139 in favour of the Jews (1 Mac 15%), proves that it was at that time a free city, distinct from the Lycian confederacy (which is also mentioned as a recipient of similar letters); and Mr. Hill admits that there is some reason to think that it was not a member of the confederacy about B.c. 100, for it must have been one of the greatest cities of Lycia, yet Artemidorus does not mention it when enumerating the six members of the first class at that period. Now, even its coins with confederacy types do not mention the name ΛΥΚΊΩΝ, as is the case with those of most cities; there are, however, occasional examples of the same omission on the coins of other Lycian cities, even during the early period of the confederacy. But, on the whole, it would appear that Phaselis either never belonged to the confederacy (but merely from alliance and common interest adopted the types), or ceased before 138 to belong to it; and the words of Cicero (Verr. ii. 4. 10, 21) suggest that it had originally been a Lycian city, but that it soon allied itself with the Cilician pirates (which led to its capture by Servilius) and separated from the Lycians.
Phaselis stood on a promontory with a very con- spicuous mountain behind it. Livy (xxxvii. 23) describes _this in vague and hardly accurate terms. He is evidently alluding to the vast ridge of Taurus, which rises from the coast all along the eastern part of Lycia, and is seen by sailors for a great distance out at sea; but he is hardly correct in saying that Phaselis is the first land Ae athes by sailors on the voyage from Cilicia to
odes.
No coins of Phaselis are known with certainty
| under the Roman empire except in the time of Gordian 1. (others are probably forged), which shows that it hardly maintained its ancient im- | portance in the post-Christian period. It was a δες in the Byzantine time. W. M. RAMSAY. PHASIRON (A Φασιρών, § Φασειρών, V Papiowv). Name of a Nabatean tribe (1 Mac 9%). Since most Nabatean names find easy etymologies in Arabic, it ought to be possible to explain this from that language; the roots, however, which this name recalls, seem rarely used for forming proper names, except, indeed, fazara, which gives Fazarah, a well-known tribal name. The form Pashiron of the Peshitta version makes it no easier. The name may be corrupt. D. 5. MARGOLIOUTH.
PHASSURUS (B Φάσσορος, A Φάσσουρος, AV Phassaron), 1 Es 5%=Pashhur.
PHEREZITE occurs in AV and RV of 2 Es 1” and in AV of Jth 5" for the more usual PERIZZITE, which is the reading of RV in the latter passage.
PHICOL (525, 4:x6\).—The captain of the host of Abimelech, who accompanied his master upon the occasion of the latter’s entering into treaty with Abraham, Gn 2133. 82 (E), or Isaac, 26% (J). See ABIMELECH, No. 1.
PHILADELPHIA (Φιλαδέλφεια, WH -la).—A city in the E. part of Lydia, in the vallesos the Cogamis* (an important tributary of the Hermus), on the extreme outermost slopes of Mount Tmolus. It is now a station on the railway, 28} miles from Sardis, 64 from Magnesia, 105 from Smyrna (by the detour which the railway makes round Mount Sipylos). It is situated only 650 feet above the sea near the upper end of the low coast valley which runs up from the gulf of Smyrna; and around it on all sides, except the road to Sardis, rise the mountains which form the rim of the great central plateau, or extend out from it to- wards the sea like fingers. Thus the Cogamis valley is a sort of funnel (like the Lycus valley, with its cities, see LAODICEA) in the flank of the lofty main plateau of Asia Minor. A few miles farther up the course of the river was the old city of Kallatebos, mentioned by Herodotus on the march of Xerxes, whose rank and power were
robably transferred to Philadelphia, when it was ounded. The name Philadelphia shows that it commemorates Attalus 11. Philadelphus (so named from his affectionate and loyal conduct to his elder brother and predecessor, Eumenes II.) ; and it must have been founded between B.C. 189 (when Eumenes came into possession of this country) and Attalus’s death in 138.
The importance of the new city lay in its re- lation to the cities of the upper plateau. The direct waggon and carriage road from the cities of northern Phrygia to the Aigean ran past Phila- delphia to Smyrna; and a considerable part of the fertile district called the Katakekaumene, or Burnt Land, also sent its abundant vintages, fine wines, and other produce by Philadelphia to the same port (though the western Katakekaumene would send direct by Sardis to Smyrna). Strabo seems