to most forms of the tradition, he died a natura death at Tralles; but one authority (a Greek menologium, quoted by Lips. /.c.) represents him as suffering martyrdom there.
LiTzRATURB.—Ewald, Hist. of Apostolic Age; Goulburn, Acts
the Deacons; Lipsius, Apokr. Apostgesch. vol. iii.; Acta
janctorum, June 6; Stokes, Acts of Apostles, vol. i. chs. xvii. xx. H. Cowan.
PHILIP (HEROD).—See Heron in vol. ii. pp. 358°
and 359%.
PHILIPPI (@Acwrox).—Philippi, in Turkish Felib- edjik or Little Philippi, to distinguish it from Philippopolis in Bulgaria, was founded (or rather re-founded, for an earlier town had existed on the site) by Philip of Macedon in the middle of the 4th cent. and ed after his name. It was situated in eastern Macedonia—so near Thrace that it is sometimes spoken of as Thracian—on a steep bill rising at the eige of a great plain which stretches far inland to the north and north-west. In the opposite direction stood its port of Neapolis (the modern Kavala), 8 or 9 miles distant, at the nearest point of the coast: the road connecting the two, part of the t Egnatian road which ran across from the A®gean to the Adriatic, passed through a depression in a line of hills which stretch east and south-east of Philippi and cut it off from the sex. An immense marsh lay directly south of the town, fed by the springs which gave it its older name of Crenides. At the present time two streams pass one on each side of Philippi, but at some short distance from it,—the larger rising on the east and flowing to the south of the town,—and fall into this lake or marsh, which in turn is itself a source, though not the main one, of the river Dramenica, a tributary of the Strymon. If ancient authorities, however, are to be trusted, this river, known as Angitas or Gangites or Gangas, derived its name from the Philippi branch. Where the country is so marshy, the configuration of the streams may have altered since St. Paul’s day.
Philippi, with the rest of the dominions of Per- seus, king of Macedonia, fell under Roman do- mination by the victory of the consul A®milius Paullus in 168 B.c., whose reorganization of the conquered territory, while it preserved municipal freedom and self-government and diminished taxes, aimed at destroying the political unity of Mace- donia by a division into four regions ; a division 80 strictly carried out that an inhabitant of one region could neither intermarry with nor hold property in another. Of these regions the first, which had Amphipolis for its capital, included the whole dis- trict east of the Strymon, and therewith Philippi. It is, however, doubtful to what extent this system of tetrarchies survived the formal establishment of Macedonia as a province (A.D. 146).
The event which differentiated the fate of Philippi from that of Macedonia at large was of much later date. In the autumn of B.C. 42 the party which had brought about Cesar’s death in the hope of restoring the republic was finally ex- tinguished in the defeat of Brutus and Cassius by
in Lydia, which was also the seat of a ἐκ τον (Hierocles, Nottia Epiac. p. 168), and was distant from Hierapolis only fifteen miles, the proximity of the two cities would account the more easily for Philip the Evangelist, as well as Philip the Apostle, being associated with Hierapolis.
PHILIPPI 837
Antony and Octavian (afterwards Augustus) out- side the walls of Philippi. The colony of Philippi, Colonia a ee Julia (Victriz)* Philippensium, was founded, as the name Ju/ia implies, in honour of the victory of the cause of Julius Caesar (ef. Strabo, vii. fr. 41, κατοικία μικρά, ηὐξήθη δὲ μετὰ τὴν περὶ Βροῦτον καὶ Κάσσιον ἧτταν): and the first citizens, if we may judge from the phrase cohors praet. Phil. upon the coins, were soldiers of the bodyguard of Antony and Octavian. A second foundation by Augustus after the battle of Actium eleven years later, when many of the dispossessed partisans of Antony in Italy were transplanted to Dyrrhachium and Philippi (Dio, li. 4, § 6), is commemorated by the other title Augusta. The territory of the colony included Neapolis.
Each Roman colony was a fresh representation of the Roman people in miniature. The magistrates, elected by the citizens, or rather by the senate of the colony, fulfilled on a small scale the functions of their prototypes in Rome, and like them were attended by lictors bearing fasces or bundles of rods: their authority, within their district and over its inhubitants, excluded even that of the governor of the province. And Philippi, besides the normal privileges of all colonies, possessed as well the ius Jtalicum, or exemption for its terri- tory from the rent ordinarily reserved for the Roman state over conquered countries.
About a hundred Latin inscriptions survive from Philippi: the most interesting, (11, U1. i. 633, re- cords the names of a collegium or burial guild recruited from the lower classes (including out of a total of 69, 4 slaves of the colonia and 3 of private
ersons), and entitled cultores or sodales Silvani
he guild had its sacerdos, its junior (sacerdos), and its aedilis, and had erected a temple (the gifts for which are recorded) to its tutelary deity.
Christianity first made its way to Philippi, as far as we know, in the person of St. Paul. Some- where about A.D. 50, perhaps most probably in the spring of that year (see CHRONOLOGY OF NEW