eographical names in the cuneiform inscriptions. a the Egyptian much has been done by W. Max Miiller.+
(c) References to the Phenicians, and especially to Tyre and Sidon with their dependencies, in the Old Testament.—These occur in writings extend- ing over a period of about four centuries (9th to 5th cent. B.c.). They consist partly of short notes ethnographical (more properly geographical) as in Gn 10; archeological or geogra’ hice, as in Dt 3°, Jos 13"; historical, as in 1 5 and 16; or relating to religion, as in 1 K 115. In addition to these the longer any in the books of Isaiah (ch. 23), Jeremiah (chs. 25. 27. 47), and Ezekiel (chs. 26-32) give a striking picture of the com- merce and civilization of the chief Pheenician
“ὙΠῸ Phoenician inscriptions are collected in the Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum, pt. i. vols. i. and ii., Paris, 1881-99. Further details as to some of them, and two or three new and recently discovered inscriptions, will be found in the Oriental Journals of Germany, Vienna, Paris; in the Revue d’Assyrio- logie, vol. v. No. 1, and other journals.
ἡ The references to Phenicia in the Egyptian inscriptions will be best found in Flinders Petrie’s History of Egypt, Brugsch’s Egypt under the Pharaohs, and W. Max Miller's Asien und ἡ tang The Tel el-Amarna tablets are edited by Winckler, The Tell el-Amarna Letters. A very useful com-
ndium with much valuable comment is contained in Flinders
etrie’s Syria and Egypt from the Tell el-Amarna Letters, London, 1898. The best collection of Babylonian and Assyrian inscriptions is in Schrader’s Keilinschriftliche Bibliothek vols. 1. -ἰἶν.
PHENICIA
cities at the time when these prophecies were written.*
(d) Greek writings.—For fragments of two of the most important writings on Pheenician history we are indebted to Josephus, Eusebius, and others whose writings we have, who may have taken them from the exe yelatenue writer Alexander Polyhistor. Menandros of Ephesus, who seems to have flourished about the 2nd cent. B.c., wrote a history or chronicle of some at least of the Pheenician cities. The first fragment (in Josephus, c. Ap. i. 18 and in part also in Ant. VUI. v. 3) con- tains Tyrian annals, with a list of kings from the early part of the 10th cent. B.c. to the founding of Carthage at the close of the 9th century. A second fragment (Ant. IX. xiv. 2) tells of a siege of Tyre under Shalmaneser, and a third (c. Ap. i. 21), usually ascribed to Menandros, though he is not explicitly mentioned as the author, gives further chronology and list of kings from a siege of Tyre under Nebuchadnezzar to the accession of Cyrus to the throne of Persia. Three other smaller pieces are of minor importance, i ‘ j
jos, an otherwise unknown writer, is quoted in Jos. 6. Ap. i. 17 as having written an accurate history of Phenicia. The extract given tells of Hiram the contemporary of Solomon. Two or three other authors are mentioned in Greek litera- ture as writers on Phenician history, but their works have perished.—Quite different in character from the works mentioned seems to have been the Pheenician history of Philo Byblios, a writer of the end of the Ist cent. A.D. His work professed to be a translation of the writing of a Phenician named Sanchuniathon who lived in the period be- fore the Trojan war. The portions of his work pecerved for us by Eusebius show him to have en a euhemerist, who in his description of the gods and his cosmogony has used Pheenician material, but has so adapted it to suit his own views that his work can be used only after most searching criticism. — Besides the above works, there are references in Greek writings too numerous to be mentioned here. The Jiiad mentions ‘Sidon,’ ‘Sidonians,’ and ‘Pheenicians,’ and the Odyssey the same, with the addition of ‘ Pheenicia.’ ero- dotus tells of Phenician legends and commerce, and many writers after him have incidental notices of this land and people.—Of Roman writers, one deserves mention. In the prologue to the 18th book of Justin’s epitome of the history of Pompeius Trogus (about the beginning of the Christian era) occur the words, ‘Inde (continentur) origines Phenicum et Sidonis et Velie Carthaginisque res geste in excessu dict.’ The only section that remains is in Justin, xviii. 3 ff., and was prob- ae beara from a work of Timagenes (Ist cent. B.C.).
(e) Archeological remains.—Underground Phe-
* For a complete list of OT ern kel referring to Phoenicia, see the Concordances 8. ‘Sidon,’ ‘Sidonians,’ ‘Tyre,’ ‘ Arvad,’ *Gebal,’ and consult the table in Gn 10; see also CANAAN in vol. i. p. 847. Tyre and Sidon are mentioned in the NT by the Synoptists, Mt 1121.22 1621, Mic 88 724. 31, Lic 438 617 1013-14, and in Ac 1220 213-7 273. In Mk 728 the adjective Συροφοινίκισσα occurs.
ἡ The fragments of Menandros are collected in Miller's lrag- menta Historicorum m, vol. iv. p. 445 ff., but to Miiller’s list must be added the paragraph contained in Jos. Ant. 1x. xiv. 2, and it should be noticed that a part of the first piece is repeated in Ant. vin. v. 8, It will be observed that Josephus says that Menandros wrote of the ‘kings of the Greeks and the Barbarians.’ The f ent of Dios is contained in the same volume (Fraq. Hist. Gr. iv. 898), where the author is identified With Ailios Dios; but this is very doubtful. The remains of Philo Byblios are collected, id. iii. 560 ff. The value of his work has been much discussed by scholars. A good essay on the subject is that of W. Baudissin in his Studien zur semitischen Religionsgeschichte, vol. i. pp. 1-46. His conclusion is that Philo has taken his material from various sources—some Semitic—and given to it the name of a inan of antiquity. Sanchuniathon is a genuine Phenician name. In any case the work as a whole represents Phanician religion in its decline, not in ite origin.