* Ramsay, St. Paul the Trav. p. 326.
ἡ Many scholars regard Φρυγίαν as a noun, not an adjective, in both these passages ; others take it as an adjective in 168, anda noun in 188, These opinions will be very fully treated in tha sequel.
864 PHRYGIA
PHRYGIA
i Ὃςἀ͵ππηπσττ Ὁ; ΈΤΤἐ-- Τ ῬῪἜῸςῬῬ:- - .ὕ.
be truly said that the first Christian city was a city of Phrygia. ἡ Ν
It will be convenient to classify the following remarks under headings.
I. GEOGRAPHICAL AND HIsTORICAL.—The vast country of Phrygia ΩΣ so great a variety in natural character that it cannot be described except at too great length. The level of the cities varies from the frontier town Karoura in the coast- valley of the Meander, 500 ft. above sea-level, to the ancient city, among the monuments of the early kings beside the tomb of Midas, about 4000 ft. Great mountains, plains, and lakes are found in it. The two chief cities of Phrygia in the time of Paul were Laodicea and Apamea (Strabo, Ἐ 576).
Phrygia means the land of the Phryges; and there is a general agreement that (as Herodotus, vii. 73, says) the Phryges were a tribe, or union of tribes, from Macedonia or Western Thrace, who crossed the Hellespont into Asia Minor, and
adually spread their conquests first over the
road, and then farther east and south over the plateau. In the eastern direction they penetrated at their extremest range of power through the Sangarius valley and up to the banks of the Halys. On the south-east they reached IcoNIuM, which was the last Phrygian city on that side. On the south they were stopped by the Pisidian moun- tains, the northern ridges of the Taurus range, into which they seem never to have penetrated. On the west the boundaries vary most ; but on all sides they vary to an extraordinary degree. Hence, in trying to define what any ancient author means by the name ‘Phrygia,’ we must begin by inquiring what period is reterred to, and what was the usage of the name in that period.
That the country of the Phrygians at an early period was bounded on the north-west only by the waters of the Algean and the Hellespont is beyond doubt. They were the masters of the sea, according to Diodorus( vii. 11), for 25 years about B.c. 900. Troy is frequently called Phrygian, and there was a large, vaguely defined region along the Hellespont and the Sea of Marmora, called Hellespontine Phrygia. The country beside Mount Sipylos, τ of Smyrna, the realm of Tantalos and Pelops, is often called Phrygia by the poets, who repro- duce ancient semi-historical myths ; and this shows that considerable part of western Lydia once bore the name of Phrygia.
At an early time the irruption of Thracian tribes, such as Thynoi, Bithynoi, Mysoi, across the Bosporus drove a wedge through the country of Phrygia, and separated Hellespontine Phrygia from the inner country, which was henceforth termed Great (Μεγάλη, Magna) Phrygia. The Phrygian element and name died out in Lydia also at an early period. The Troad ceased to be called Phrygia; and though the name of Helle- spontine Phrygia * lingered on for several centuries, the land lost the x hry pian character,} and after the time of Alexander the Great it seems to have no longer possessed any claim to be called a dis- tinct and separate country. Strabo still uses the name in A.D. 19. The north-eastern regions of Phrygia Magna were transformed into GALATIA during the 3rd cent., first through gradual drifting of the Gauls into that district as the one where there was least resistance to contend with, and finally, about B.c. 232, by general agreement of the surrounding rulers, and especially Attalus I., king of Pergamum, who penned them into this place and acknowledged their right to it, but set limits
* Also called Li i ei Geabr er. ttle Phrygia in distinction from Great Phrygia
+ The Phrygian character was probably bound up with the use of the Phrygian language. Iconium called itself Phrygian, because the language was used there (see Ramsay, Historical Commentary on Galatians, p. 216).
to their wide-ranging forays. About B.C. 208 a new name, Phrygia Epictetus, i.e. Acquired Phrygia, came into existence. It was applied to a region in the north which seems to have been acquired by AttalustI. from Bithynia. According to Strabo (p. 576) it contained six cities at least, Azanoi, Nakolia, Kotiaion, Midaion, Dorylaion, Kadoi. Another name for a special district was Paroreios Phrygia,* the great valley in the east between Sultan-Dagh and Emir-Dagh (whose ancient names are unknown), with the cities Ipsos or Julia, Philomelion, Thymbrion or Hadrian- opolis, Tyriaion, and many small towns and villages. . '
A third district was Pisidie Phrygia, or Phrygia towards Pisidia, or Phrygia the Pisidian.t The city of Antioch towards Pisidia is the only one assigned to this district by Strabo; but Ptolemy, and probably Polybius, extend it more widely to include Apollonia and other cities in the valleys underneath the northern flanks of Taurus. as be clearly says that Paroreios and Pisidian Phrygia were only parts of Great Phrygia, whereas he distinguishes Epictetus as a separate and added country.
Under the Romans, the whole country of Cibyra and most of the valley of the Lysis were reckoned to Phrygia, though previously they had been counted either to Pisidia or to Kabalis or to Milyas. It would also appear that the lower part of the Lycus valley was divided at an earlier time between Lydia (viz. Hierapolis and Hydrela) and Caria (viz. Laodicea and Trapezopolis and Attoudda);+ but in the Roman period all these cities came to be classed to Phrygia. On the other hand, Iconium was then dlaseeite Lycaonia (except in the estimation of its inhabitants, see IconiuM and LYCAONIA), as were also Laodicea Katakekaumene and even perhaps Tyriaion.