LireraTurs.—The commentaries, esp. Dillmann - Ryssel, Exodus, etc.; Dillmann, Driver on Deuteronomy; Kalisch, Exodus (special dissertation, pp. 223-227). The numerous minute Rabbinical prescriptions will be found in the authorita- tive works of Maimonides (Yad Ha-hazaka Hilkoth Tephillin) and co Caro (Shulhan ‘Aruk). Extensive excerpts from Maimonides in Ugolinus, Thes. Antiquitatum Sacrarum, xxi., containing treatise ‘de Phylacteriis Hebrworum.’ Of the older discussions the most valuable are those by Buxtorf, Synagoga Judaica, pp. 170-185; Spencer, de Legibus Hebraworum, etc., Cambridge, 1727, lib. iv. capp. 1-7 (‘de natura et origine Phy- lacteriorum’); Bodenschatz, Kirchliche Verfassung der heutigen Juden, iv. 14-19 (with illustrations). Lightfoot, oettgen, and similar works on Mt 235, M. Margoliouth, The Fundamental Principles of Mod. Judaism, pp. 1-49. Of the articles in Bible Dictionaries puters the most important are those by Delitzsch in Riehm’s Handwérterbuch, etc. (art. ‘Denkzettel*), by Gins- burg in Kitto-Alexander’s Biblical Cyclopedia (art. ‘ Phylac- tery’), both illustrated, and by Hamburger, Realency ie ἃ. Bibel u. Talmud, vol. ii (art. ‘Tephillin’). The only critical investigation of the subject hitherto has been by Klein, ‘Die Totaphoth nach Bibel u. Tradition,’ in the Jahrbiicher fiir pro- test. Theologie, 1881, pp. 666-689 (useful collection of material, but critically and exegetically weak). The varying usage of the Middle Ages is given by Rodkinasohn, mio aban, Ursprung τ. Entwickelung deg Phylacterien-Ritus bei den Juden (in Hebrew), 1883 [ποῦ seen]. A short exposition of modern Jewish teaching in Friedlander, The Jewish Religion, 331-338,
A. R. 5. KENNEDY.
PHYLARCH (τὸν φυλάρχην, 2 Mac 8*2).—There can be but little doubt that this word is not a proper name (as in AV; cf. RVm), but a military title. In Athens the ‘ Ppyiatelie: had command of the cavalry ; and here either a cavalry officer or a commander of auxiliary forces seems to be intended. Zéckler still supports the proper name.
PHYSICIAN.—See ΜΈΡΙΟΙΝΕ, p. 321.
PI-BESETH (no37», BotBacros).—Ezk 30”, a city in Lower Egypt, the hieroglyphic Per-Bastet, ‘ House of Bastet,’ in Copt. Pubasti, Buasti, ete. The city was named Bast ; the goddess who dwelt in it was hence called Bastet, ‘the Bastite,’ and thence again was formed the sacred name of the city, viz. Per-Bastet, lit. ‘the house of the Bastite.’ The sacred name was that adopted by the Greeks and Romans; the modern name of the site, Tell
* It is maintained by some, however, that the power of pro- tecting from evil spirits here affirmed is confined to the méziza.
t It is unfair, however, to use for polemical purposes such ΠΕΣ academic statements as Berakoth, 6a, that the Almighty
imself ‘lays the téphillin’! (a curious inference from the lollowing passages : Is 628, Dt 832, Ps 2911).
PICTURE
Basteh, ‘the hill of Basteh,’ may be derived from the original form.
Bubastis was probably a wealthy and important city from the earliest times. Its mounds are very extensive, and its temple, recently excavated Ὁ Naville for the Egyp. Expl. Fund, contain monuments of every period from the 4th Dynast down to Roman times. It is now entirely deserted, but lies close to the Ἴδτῆο town of Zagazig, which owes its importance to the railway. Bubastis was capital of the 18th nome of Lower Egypt, the boundaries of which are very uncertain. istory it does not appear until the time of the 22nd Dynasty, founded by Shishak about B.c. 1000, and known as the Bubastite Dynasty, under which Bubastis was the second city of Egypt, Thebes still remaining the first. en that dynasty ex- pired, and Egypt was divided, Bubastis was still the capital of a mye! family, which was after- wards considered to be the legitimate 23rd Dynsety: The city was visited by Herodotus, who greatly admired the situation and beauty of its granite temple, and has recorded the existence of a poralae and somewhat licentious annual festival held in honour of the goddess Bastet (Hadt. ii. 59f.). The
oddess was figured with the head of a lioness, or ἵ ἧς almost invariably of a cat. She was held to be a mild form of Sekhemt, the goddess of destruc- tion. Cats were sacred to her. Her son was named Mahes, ‘ fierce-eyed lion’; but Nefer-Atum was commonly worshipped as the third member of the Bubastite triad. ummied cats, sometimes in. bronze cases, were very abundant, the cat cemete:y having extended over many acres; but antiquity dealers have now plundered what the damp atmo- sphere of the Delta had spared.
F, Lu. GRIFFITH.
PICTURE is AV {τῇ of 1. πξΞ Nu 33 (LXX ras
oxomds), Pr 25" (ὁρμίσκος). In the former of these
Ye
JEWISH ENGRAVING OF THE TEMPLE AND MOUNT OF OLIVES.
assages RV has ‘figured stones’ (cf. Ly 26}), hese may have been stones erected for worship
PILATE
The etymology and the meaning of the name Pi-hahiroth are likewise uncertain, although attempts have been made to explain it from the side both of Egyptian and of Hebrew. The LXX, which finds a proper name in Nu 337 (B ἐπὶ στόμα Ἐπιρώθ, AF... Εἰρώθ) 3(ΒΑ ἀπέναντι Εἱρώθ), treats nvnn Ἔ in Ex 1455 as an appellative, ἀπέναντι τῆς ἐπαύλεως. The ‘farmstead’ of this last rendering reminds Sayce (HH 181) of the ahu or ‘estate of Pharaoh in the district of Thukut, on which, according to a letter dating from the 8th year of Merenptah, the Edomite herdsmen were allowed to settle. Naville has proposed to make Pi- hahiroth=Pi-Qerhet, ‘the house of the goddess Qerhet,’ the name of a sanctuary in or near Pithom, but to this there are philological ob- jections. The Pesh., Targ., and Sa'adya take "5 as the construct of 75 ‘mouth,’ while nvn, accord- ing to the first, means ‘ trenches or canals,’ accord- ing to the other two, ‘mountains or rocks.’ For modern conjectures see Dillm.-Ryssel on Ex 14", which, along with Sayce (HCM 252 ff.) and Driver (in Hogarth’s Authority and Archeology, 57, 61), may be consulted on the question of the site. J. A. SELBIE.