+ Tertullian (4. 21) says Pilate at or immediately after Ohrist’s death was ‘already a Christian in his own convictions’ (jam pro sua conscientia Christianus), and in the first Gr. form of the Gosp. of Nicod. (Acts of Pilate) he is described as ‘uncir- cumcised in flesh but circumcised in heart.’
t He and his wife are honoured by the Copts on June 25th (Stanley, Hast. Ch. p. 18; Miller, Pont. Pil. p. 7).
PILATE, ACTS OF
and 18th cents. were especially rich in literature about Pilate see Miiller). Note, besides Miiller, P. J. de Mounier, De ‘ont. Pil. in causa servatoris agendi ratione (1825); G. Warneck, P. P. der Richter Jesu Christi, ein Gemdlde aus der Leidensgesch. (1858); R. Rosibres, Ponce Pilate (1883) ; Arnold, Die neron. Christenverfolg. pp. 116-120, on Tacitus’ reference to P. (1888); Schiirer, H/P 1. ii. 89-87 ; Keim, Jesus ΩΝ Naz., Eng. tr. i. Reet, vi. BR 79 ff.; Leyrer in Herzog’s ἘΣ art. ‘Pilatus’; Waltjer, P. P. eene Studie (Amsterdam, 1888); Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Mess. bk. v. ch. xiv. and App. vi.; Ollivier, ‘P. P. et les Pontii’ (Rev. Bib. v. pp. 594-600); Lange, Life oy Lord Jesus Christ, Eng. tr. 1864, τς 414ff.; Weiss, Life of Christ, Eng. tr. iii, 848 5. ; Farrar, Life of Christ, Pop. ed. 1894, p. 688 ff., and Life of Lives, 1900, p. 494ff.; Stalker, T'rial and Death of Jesus Christ, 1894, oP ws, Life of Our Lord upon the Earth, new ed. 1892, p. 528 ff. ; Gilbert, Student's Life of Jesus, 1898, pp. 363 ff., 867 ff. ; Cox, ‘A Day in Pilate’s Life,’ in Expos. ser. 11. vol. viii. cs) 107 ff. ; τ, ‘Christ's Three Judges—Pilate,’ in pos. ser. Vi. vol. i. (1900) p. 59ff.; Taylor Innes, Trial of Jesus Christ, a legal Monograph, 1899; Carpenter, Son of Man the Sons of Men, 1893, p. 33 ff.; Quandt in Voice from tat theses Eng. tr. by Macintosh, 1888, p. 99ff.; Simcox, Cessation of Prophecy, 1891, 287 ff.; Maclaren, Wearied Christ, 1893, 222ff.; Macmillan, Mystery of Grace, 1893, p. 217 ff. See ἂρ R. A. Lipsius, Die Pilatus-Akten, kritisch unter- sucht (1871) ; Tischendorf, Pilati cirewm Christum judicio quid lucis aferatur ex Actis Pilati (1855); Creizenach, Pilatus- re cae (1874); Harnack, Die Chronol. d. altchrist. Lit ff. G. T. PuRvEs.
PILATE, ACTS OF.—See last paragraph of pre- ceding art. and NICODEMUS (GOSPEL OF).
PILDASH (vas, éaddds).— One of the sons of Nahor, Gn 22¥ (J). The personal name wb» has been read in the Nabatzan inscriptions (ZDMG xiv. 440). The proposal of Knobel to connect Pildash with the Ῥιπάλθας of Procopius (de Avdi- Jiciis, ii. 4) is rejected by Dillmann.
PILHA (xp)5, B Φαδαείς, A Padael).—One of those who sealed the covenant, Neh 10%,
PILL.—See PEEL.
PILLAR.—4. n3yp, Arab. nugub or nusb, plur. ansdb, from the Semitic root 3x3, meaning ‘to set upright.’ 2. 3'y3, from the same root, employed in
n 19% to describe the pillar of salt into which Lot’s wife was transformed. 8, ἴθ, rendered in Greek by στήλη (also employed by LXX in Gn 19%), This Hebrew word occurs in Jer 27* in the sense of ‘column,’ which is probably its only signification, whereas 7}¥> means any upright stone. More frequently ney is rendered by the Greek στύλος (Ex 13, Jg 20”, Job 27"), or by the word κίων, Jg 16%, 4. yon (used in plur.), pillar dedicated to sun-worship, Cf. the ἀπ ήπες jon ὅν3, Baethgen, Βεϊέγασε zur sem. Rel. p. 25 ff. (ef. my ‘sunglow’=sun in Job 30%). On j-- see Gesen.*§ 85n. The plur. occurs in Ezk 6* 5, Is 178 27°, Ly 26", 2 Ch 14’. It may have been a later equivalent of 73x (so Kittel). LXX did not under- stand the term, variously rendering by ξύλινα χειροποίητα, τεμένη, βδελύγματα, and εἴδωλα.
he term πϑὺῷ is nearly always used in associa- tion with religious cultus,* and signifies the upright stone which, in the pre-exilian and pre-Deutero- nomic worship of Israel, was the never failing accompaniment of the Heb. sanctuary or bamdh. It consisted of rough unhewn stone, and was the symbol of the Divine presence or numen, which was considered in some sense to reside in or be attached to it (see Jos 24*-*7), Upon it the blood of the sacrificed victim or the oil of the vegetable offering was poured or smeared (cf. Gn 3818),
There is clear evidence that in the primitive sanctuary of the oo Semites the upright stone served as altar and Divine symbol in one; but in
* The exception Is 618 is far from certain. The last clause of the verse is omitted in LXX ΒΑ" though supplied in Luc. text and by a later hand in A. The preceding relative clause, with its aw. Avy. ΤῸ σ᾽ and the unique use of N2%D, appears to the present writer to have been mutilated at some early date.
PILLAR
the later and more developed form of the cultus both among Semites and other races, the altar and stone-symbol came to be separated the one from the other. This probably arose from the fact that it was found convenient to have a separate place for the peception and slaughter of the victim, and to this another motive came to be superadded in connexion with the larger and more important sanctuaries, viz. the need of having an erection which should be conspicuous to a large concourse of beholders who witnessed in silence the solemn act of slaughter. The further need to provide for the reception and disposal of the blood gave rise to Apccial arrangements in this particular apparatus of worship. That the distinction between altar and stone-symbol arose very early in the history of primitive Israel is clearly revealed by the facts of language, since it is quite evident that ΠΞῚΌ ‘altar’ or place of slaughter, belongs to early as well as late Hebrew. These views are established by archzological evidence. Primitive dolmens have been discovered provided with hollows formed for drink-offerings, and intended to serve as altars. Stones were also used by the ancient Palestinian inhabitants for the worship of ancestral manes as well as to mark the place of burial. See Nowack in Heb. Archdol. i. p. 92, who cites from the researches of Noetling and Schumacher in ZDPV ix. 268, and Zeitsch. fiir Ethnol. xix. 37 ff. ; and Conder, Heth and Moab, pp. 238, 266 ff. The Rey. James Sibree has ntormed the present writer that many similar stones have been found in Mada- gascar.