. 361), ‘the son of Tum’ is transla’ ‘son of
éron’ (or ‘Hér6’). Pi-Tum or Heroopolis was the capital of the 8th nome of Lower Egypt; consequently Herodotus was mistaken in placing Patumos in ‘Arabia.’ It adjoined the Arabian nome, but was not actually in it. The high priest of its temple had the title of Herti-sonti.
The city was in the form of a square, contain- ing about 55,000 square yards. ‘The temple of Tum wre asmall space in the south-western angle of the enclosure, and seems never to have
PLAGUE 887
been finished. To the north was a series of brick buildings, in which Dr. Naville sees storehouses in which the provisions were gathered ‘necessary for armies about to cross the desert, or even for caravans and travellers which were on the road to Syria.’ The chambers composing them had thick walls, and were without communication with one another, the access to them being from the top. The whole city was ruthlessly levelled when the Romans formed a camp on the site of it, and founded the later Hoppers on the north-eastern edge of the camp immediately to the south of the present Fresh-water Canal.
Lirgrature.—Naville, The Store-City of Pithom and the Route of the Exodus, first memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1885; Jacques de be Géographie ancienne de la
- Egypte, 1891; Sayce, HCM, 1894, pp. 939 Λ΄., 250f.; H. Brugsch, Dictionnaire géographique de lancienne Egypte, 1879; see also Driver in H h’s Authority and Archeology, 1899, ΒΡ. δ41., 61, 68; , Light from the East, p. 1096; Dillm.-Ryssel on Ex i,
A. H. SAYCE. PITHON (jin's).—One of the sons of Micah, the son of Merib-baal, 1 Ch 856 (BA Φιθών) || 98 (105, B Φαιθών, A Φιθών).
PITIFUL.—Pity is the same word as piety, the Eng. having followed the Old Fr. in separating the one word ptetas into piété ‘ cee and pitié pity. The adj. ‘ pitiful’ was formed after the separation, and is simply ‘full of pity.’ But pity may be given or received, and ‘pitiful’ is used about 1611 in three ways: (1) showing pity, compassionate ; (2) exciting or deserving * pity, miserable ; (3) con- temptible, despicable, the modern use of the word. Shaks. has all three—
(1) Rich. 111. τ. iii. 141—
‘I would to God my heart were flint, like Edward's; Or Edward's soft and pitiful, like mine.’ (2) Othello, τ. iii. 161— “'Twas sing strange, "Twas pitiful, ἘΞ Encarta
(3) Hamlet, 1. ii. 49—‘ That’s villainous; and shows a most pitiful ambition in the fool that uses it.’ In AV ‘pitiful’ is used only in the first sense, compassionate; La 4 ‘The hands of the pitiful women have sodden their own children’ (nvzon2 oy, LXX γυναικῶν οἰκτειρμόνων); Sir 24 ‘The Lord is . . . very pitiful’; Ja 5" ‘The Lord is very pitiful’ (πολύσπλαγχνος, RV ‘full of pity’); 1P 3° ‘Be pitiful’ (εὔσπλαγχνοι, RV ‘tender- hearted’).
The subst. ‘ pitifulness’ occurs in Job 16 bins in the sense of misery. J. HASTINGS.
PITY.—See Compassion. In Ezk 247! ‘that which your soul pitieth (marg. ‘pity of your soul’) is equivalent to ‘ object of affection’ (ef. ν. 35). There is a play aon words in the Heb. (mahmad ‘énékhem umahmal naphshékhem).
PLACE OF TOLL.—See TOLL (PLACE OF).
PLAGUE (i.e. πληγή ‘blow,’ ‘stroke’).—A gen- eral term for a penalty inflicted by God. It is often used as a synonym of ‘pestilence,’ but is usually more comprehensive and used of other punishments as well as diseases. It is employed to indicate the last of the Egyptian plagues (Ex 11’), and is here the tr. of 33 nega’, literally ‘a stroke.’ In Lv 13 and 14 this word occurs 59 times as descriptive of leprosy, as also in Dt 24°. It is used (in the verbal form) of Divine chastisement in general in Ps 73°-*, as a synonym of ‘pestilence’ in 1 K 8% and Ps 91", and it denotes the punishment inflicted on Pharaoh in the matter of Sarah in Gn 12”,
The word 43) is six times translated ‘plague.’
* Of. Fuller, Holy Warre, 4, ‘We leave them in a state most pitiful, and little pitied.’
888 PLAGUES OF EGYPT
It is used in Jos 22% of the plague of Baal-peor ; in Nu 16-7 (Heb. 172-] of that following the re- bellion of Korah. Elsewhere its meaning is more general, as in Ex 12% 30%, Nu 8% The verb 433 (AV ‘ plague’) in Ps 89% is tr? by RV ‘smite.’
In Nu 11% the judgment at Kibroth-hattaavah is called az> makkah, a word usually translated - wound,’ ‘smiting,’ ‘chastisement,’ ete. In Dt 28" it is employed for any disease inflicted as a penalty, as in Ly 26%, Dt 28° 29% In 18 48 it refers to the plagues of Egypt, and in Jer 49)7 6013 is used of the plagues to be inflicted on Babylon and Edom, over which the enemies of these countries are to hiss in derision and astonishment.
In 22 other passages ‘plague’ is the rendering of 753 Pers 1% used of the Egyptian plagues in Ex 9"; of the disease that slew the spies, Nu 14; or that which slew the rebels who followed Korah, Nu 16: #-® (Heb. 1718: 4-15]; of Baal-peor, Nu 25%: 9 18 961 3118, Ps 106%; of the infliction on the Philistines, 1 S 6*; and of that which followed David’s census, 2S 242-%, 1 Ch 21!7*, It is also prophetically employed of the punishment of those that neglect the ceremonial law, Lv 14% 1:18,