6. Comp. the allusions to the oppressions of the ' needy (D'4V:n) in Am 28 41 512 84- 6, Is 32', Jer 234 em and elsewhere, and of the ' reduced' (D'it. EV 'poor') in Am 2' 41 611 »'\ Is 102 etc. (both words often in parallelism with 'aniyyim); aii'l the manner in which it is promised that they will be in u special degree under the protection of the ideal king (Ps72' 1^ l-'i, Is IH), and that — like the 'uniyyim in Is 14^"— they will be the first to benefit, when society is regenerated, and J" establishes His ideal kingdom (Is 14^0 254 20ii>).
6. So in Ps 18=^ God is spoken of as saving the 'alllicted (or humbled) people' ("Jj; Di), but as abasing the 'haughty eyes' ; and in Is 20'*, when the tyrannical city has been destroyed, it is men- tioneil, as a special ground for satisfaction, that the'«»» and the dallim may then tread unmolested over its ruins. 'Ani is used also of Israel, sulVering in the wilderness or in exile or war, and regarded as implicitly or ideally righteous, and eliciting in consequence Jehovah's compassion, Ps 68'", Is 41" 49'» 51-' 54", cf. Hab 3". In Zejih 3'-' the ideal Israel of the future, who survive after the coming judgment has removed from Jerusalem the ' proudly exulting' ones, so that none will any more be ' haughty' in God's holy mountain, are character- ized as a ' humbled and jioor jieojile ' (*?■;; 'r^ Di'), wliowill 'take refuge' in the name of J", and (v.") be free from all iniquity. Perhaps, indeed, the expression means also Israel generally in Is •2&.
7. These passages show tli.it 'dnl ('alllicted,' ' poor'), asalso its frequent parallel 'fiiyonC needy'), and, though somewliat less distinctly, dal (EV also mostly ' poor'), came gradually to imply more than jiersons who were merely in some kind of social subjection, or material need : they came to denote the godly poor, the sullering righteous, the persons who, whetlier ' bowed down,' or ' needy,' or 'reduced,' were the godly servants of .leliovah. It is eviilcnt that in ancient Israel, especially in later times, piety prevaileil more aiiuiiig the humbler classes tlian among the wealthier and ruling classes: indeed the latter are habitually taken to task by the prophets for their cruel and unjust treatment of the former. In particular, as Kahlfs (p. 89) observes, 'djii acquired thus, not indeed a religious meaninij, but a religious colour- iiKj. This colouring appears most frequently in the Psalms ; note tlie following passages, in which, if they are compared careiully with the context, it will become evident that the 'dniyy'im (fre- quently II with the 'needy') are sulistanlially identical with those who are elsewhere in the same Psalms called ' the godly,' ' the righteous,'
20 POOR
•the faithful,' etc: Ps 9" (Heb text* ; RV) lo" »• »• " (Ileb. texf : RV) [comp. 9" 'those that know thy name' and 'that seek after thee, 0 nlie humble ' (see below)] ; 12» [see v. .* the god y, •the faithful']; W^ [v>. ' for J" is his refuge ]^ IS" 22« -20" (' I am solitary and ant ; ct. bJ 88-), 34« 35>»;'» (delivered by J"). 37" of- J-"). 40„
POPLAR
= W "C'l am -cinf^i needy ' ; 80_8f.' 10?=^J,.74'»- f jQOUUe \Qf)\(i 140^3 . Bee also Is
Psalmists' o^ sufferings: also 44- lOV^ «). Most of these passages-indeed except Ps 18", probably all-are post: exUic; and reflect the social a.,d religious conditions of the Post-esdic community : the religious 'colouring' of on*, which had been previouSy in process of acquisition, was then con- firmed. The troubles of which the 'am complains are, however, not jioveriy, but chiefly social and
'l^'Fro^mTJis to be carefully distinguished a word with which it has been sometmies very need- lessly confused, 'anaw. While ani means one who is ' humbled ■ or ' bowed do^vn ' by adverse external circumstances, •andw means one who is humble in disposition and character ' humble - minded (Chey^e, OP, 98), or, to speak more sPfci^^?;"?' one who bows voluntarUy under the band of God, and is ' submissive to the Divine will (Cheyne, Introd. to Is. 64 f., 266). It thus, unlike am, has from the beginning an essentially moral and re- liraous connotation. In AV and llV it is mostly rendered 'meek'; but meekness is predicated of a person's attitude towards other men, whereas 'dnaw denotes rather a man's attitude towards God • so that ' humble ' would be the better render- in". ' 'Anaw is less common than arei : it occurs in nS 123 (of Moses) ; in the prophets Am 2' SMHeb. textt) Is 11* 29>» 32' (Heb. text J) ei', Zeph 2' ; in Uiejoet books, Ps 9- (Heb. text:), 10" 22- 25»- 34^ 37" ('the humble shall inherit the earth ), by 76» 147' 149*, and the Heb. margin of Pr 3" (opposed to D-s'7 ' scorners'), 16" (opposed to ' the proud ; cf. Sir id" [Heb.]),— in all, ot the ' humble,' either as victimized by wicked oppressors, or as the objects of Jehovah's regard, and recipients of Uis sal- vation ^ The cognate subst. 'dnawah occurs Ps 18" (of J"), 45MI Zeph2' ('seek righteousness, seek /r»mi/rt2/'). Pr 15^=18'=' ('before honour is humility '), 22*.