9 The Heb mare. (Kerf) substitutes thrice (Am Si, Is S?", Ps A Aum)" d '^oof •) lor humUe o( the text {gethihhy and five tines "8 91» 1012 PrV U^i 1619) AumWe for liuvMed (• poor ) orthe'i.x?(Ke(A*A),-in each caie, it.seen«(ct Ralxlfs, p. 54 U deemi.^ the correction to express an idea better suited to the cSn (in Am 81, Is 327. Ps 91» the parallel clause has ru'rfy ; in Pr 3M 1619 humble forms evidently a juster antithesis to • sconier ' and ' proud ' than ntlMed or ' poor •)• The correction is certlinly riKhl in Pr 334 i«i9, probably also in Am 8«; m the other passages it does not seem to be necessary.
10 The two terms which have been here dis- cussed seem, in fact, to have been two of the more prominent and distinctive designations of a party in ancient Israel, which appears to have first begun to form itself during the period of the later pre- exilie prophets, but which, during the Exile and subsequently, acquired a more marked and dis- tinctive character— the party, VIZ. of the faithful and Godfearing Israelites, who held together, and formed an ecclcsiola in ecclesia, as opposed to the
• The Heb. marg. (.Kerf) has In these passages the humblt
^^Thl Het'Lrg'caniW). followed by EV yields, however » more snitoble 4nse here! it would also be better to read ■Snimif in 2^ (cf. I« 102).
! Ilcb man;. (Frri') (A« ;i<""" ; see 5 ». , , .. ...
I with iT 611 (^iLxx, wrongly. Tr.x«. and so in the quoutlon,
" wL're-^rideo^n'^c!;. wlaVo/. . . "-f,'*^"' "^""i" hLV S'the that the king addressed is to take the Held on behalf of the l^umblea^"nst their proud oppressor, (see Cheyne or Kirk- patr'ck. ad loc.).
worldly and indifferent, often also paganizing and persecuting, majority. The Psalms, especially the Psalms of 'complaint,' abound with allusions to these two opposed parties, the opposition between which seems to have been intensihed m the post- exUic period, tUl it culminated, in the age of Antiochus Epiphanes, in the struggle Vetween the nationalists and the Hellenizers. 1 he God-fearing party are described by many more or less synony- mous designations, such as ' those tliat^ fear (or love) J",' ' those that seek (or wait for) J , the ser- vants of J",' the ' godly • {hOsldim), the ' righteous, etc. ; from the point of view of their social con- dition they are specially the 'ciniyyhn or (to adopt the conventional rendering) the ' poor, from the point of view of their chtiracter they are the ^andimm or the 'humble.' The partv opposed to them are the 'wicked,' the 'evil-doers, the proud, the 'haters,' 'enemies,' or 'persecutors ot tlie Psalmists and their co-religionists, who are de- scribed as 'seeking their life' and 'delighting in their hurt,' etc., and as setting themselves in various ways to dishonour Jehov.oli, and brin^ reproach upon His servants (cf. Cheyne, JMl, pp 114-125).* The former party was that out of 'which a considerable number of the Psalms appear to have sprung, especially those which po'sess a representative character, and in whictt the Psalmist seems to give expression not simply to his own experiences and spiritual emotions, but also to those of a circle of similarly cucumstanced godly compatriots.
See further, Gratz, Die Psalmfn (1882), 20-37 (whose view, howlver" that the ■ana.ci.a were Levites ,.s "2* f « «W'^) J Isidore Loeb, ' La Litt(^rature des Pauvres in RhJ. l^JlJ-Ja ?Nos 40-42 45, 46, 4»), also pubUshed separately, Pans, 1892 (clever : e.xempUaes very fully the characteristics of the poor, esoecia b in the Psalms, but exaggerates the idealism of the Heb poets, and also geMralizes too freely); Kahlfs, op. «(. Hupfeld (on Ps 9") contended that -^ and 1.;^ were used with- out anv distinction ot meaning, both signifying «'»J'^<''; ■ ^7' ' ™ collateral idea of humble ; but this view is antecedently miprob- ab le S not required by the facts.t Ges. (/'/.«■.) treated_ bo^ words ^meaning properly amicted, but regarded anaw as havin-tlwavs th? Collateral idea of humbU meek Recentl scholars? as -Pelitzsch and Cheyne (both on Ps 9 »),. La«arde ihtlli i 81 RahUs, pp. 02-66, 73-80 (cf. Konig, Lgb. u. 134, ,6). more correcUy disthrguish -ani. 'bowed down.' from ,am.«.. "one who bows bimse1f,'-Del. and Cheyne, however, thinking also that asamictionistheschoolofhumility.and a man may be°bowed down' with consent ot his own wi". "»y ^cv-ired secondarilv the sense of ' humble.' It seems best, with Eahlts, to keen the words entirely distinct: the -animm were no doubt! known to be also ' humble.' and so could be. opposed to the •proud,' Ps IS*?, or classed with the 'stricken n spint. Is m : but the fact is not expressed by the terni used It wouW be easier, if necessary, to read one word for the '^ther, than W give one word the meaning of the other The L\X Pre3er^ es on the whole, a consciousness ot the distinction between the Uvo words? the translators render 'ani (/a.) by ».,« 13 times bv T™x« 38 times, by T.Ti,..,- 9-10 times,X-^/r= ""'^ ^"»^ •>i2 Zcc99 Is 'm'-: and-«iiciic {Kt.) by »^«»f 8 times, by j..« 3 times, by T^^i. 4 times, by ..tu.« 4 times- in view, how- ever of the frequency with which • and 1 are confused in L.\X (Driver. Samuel, Ixv-lxvii), we cannot be sure that they always read the Heb. text exactly as we do. In the Targ., also (especi- allTin the Psalms, Rahlfs. p. 56 f.), the great y predominant rendering of ■«"! i' ' poor." distressed,' etc.. while tWt of anau, is -humble' (ir^iy). And the Vulg. nearly always renders om bv vauper, egenua, inopi, bufdnuw by miti» or inanswlM.