* For the name 'Petn-baal' cited above, vol. ii. 774» n. ^, is very doubtful, Mr. GrilKth infomis the writer, in both meaning and' date. It is properly Pt-ber (Liehlein, IHct. des Somi liUrofjl. No. 553): and 'though ber is the correct spelling tor Baal, there is no determinative to show that it was intended lor that. I*t, also, is not the same as r'-d;i (in P'-dy- Imn, etc, above); ;ind it is dittlcult to find a meaning for it. The name is at present known only to occur once : and it may be wrongly copied, or may not be a compound at all. The period to wiiich it belongs is also quite uncertalti : it may be that of the Hyksos ; but it may also be earlier, or much later.'
♦ Also ni»Ti;^f, ed. Aid., and the MS cited p. 23 n. t ; Euseb. PrcKp. Ho. Ix. 21. 9; Cramer, Aiifcd. Par. ii. 176. 14; Fabric. Cod. PaeitdepUjr. ii. 86 (Parthey. p. 7S).
other vegetables in commemoration of this event, which is supposed to have taken place here (?), and is freely distributed to all comers ; ' We have partaken of it' (ii. p. 237). This practice does not seem to be kept up at the ])resent day.
Pottage was known in Egypt at an early period, and was called fisAfZ (Copt. uOlTcy). Wilkinson has copied a tomb-painting representing a man cooking this food (ii. 34, lig. 301, 0). In Palestine a variety of vegetables entered into its composi- tion, as in Scotch broth. Apparently the globe cucumber (Cucumis prvphctarum),a, common plant about Samaria, was sometimes used to thicken it ; and we are told in 2 K 4^" that one of the 'sons of the prophets' mistook r^y;/ ny^s, probably the violently purgative Citrnllus colocynthi.'s, for this plant. The colocynth is common in the Shephelah and about the shores of the lower Jordan Valley, but not in the middle higher lands (see Food, vol. ii. p. 28).
The prophet Haggai names pottage with bread, wine, and oil as the coiumun articles of diet which a priest, bearing holy flesh, would be likely to touch inadvertently with the skirt of his garment (2'-). Adzid, being chiefly mtule of vegetables, ditters from pdrdk (only in const, pcrah. Is 65* Kethihh), which seems to have been a kind of minced collops made of meat disjointed, or flnely cut up and boiled in water (cf. ' mortrewes and potages' below). Kerc has merak, as in Jg G"*- -", a name which is also applied to the same dish. Some suppose these to be soup poured over broken bread.
The word 'pottage' was originally the same as the French potivje and spelled like it, as in Chaucer's Proloyuc ta the Pardoners Tale, 82, and Piers Plowman, who writes ' potage and paj'n (bread) ynough' (Te.\t B. xv. 310), 'mortrewes (pounded meat) and potages' (ii. xiii. 41). In the Buke of Cartiisi/c, whose date is uncertain, prob- ably about 1460, potage is the flrst course at dinner (iii. 765), and is to be eaten without ' grete sowndynge ' (i. 69). In the 1557 ed. of Seager'a Schoole of Vertue (iv. 444), it appears with two t's, and it is spelled as we now have it in all editions of the English Bible from 1560 to the present. In Russell's Bvke of Nurture, dating from about 1460, there is a section on difl'erent kinds of potages. A. Macalister.
POTTER, POTTERY.— The art of the potter (Heb. isv or n>', ptcp. of is; 'to form or fashion'; Gr. Kepa/xti/s) can be traced back to a very early date in Egypt, and within recent years there have been considerable ' linds' in Palestine of specimens of pottery, some of which are much older than the date of the Isr.aelite conquest. Upon the ground esjiecially of the discoveries at Tell el-IIesy (? Lach- ish). Flinders Petrie has sought to construct a complete history of the pottery of Palestine, which be divides into three periods (see the following article, and compare Petrie and Conder in PEFHt, 1891, p. esir. ; also Nowack, Lehrb. dcr Reh. Arch. i. 26511'. ; Benzinger, Ilch. Arch. 26111'.). The pro- ducts of the potter's industry would naturally he little used bj' the Israelites duritig the nomadic period of their existence, when vessels of skin or of wood must have been found more serviceable than those of earth (Nowack, I.e. p. 242 ; Ben- zinger, I.e. p. 214). Even after they entered Canaan, the Israelites appeal to have been slow to adopt the vessels of the potter ; a skin is still used for holding milk (Jg 4>»), wine (1 S 16=»), or water (Gn 21'"-); the Heb. in the first two of these pas- sages is 1X3, ill the third n-n, the Gr. in all three is diTK6s. The earliest mention of pottery in ths OT is in 2 S 17^, where, ammigst the articles brcmght to David during his flight from Absalom,
POTTER, POTTKRY
POTTER, POTTERY
were ' earthen vessels ' (ij\' "^J ; B <r«i}ij darpiKipa, A om.).
Both in the OT and in the Apocrypha there are allusions to the various processes curried on by the potter. He treads the clay (itn) with his feet (Is 41^, Wis 15'), kneads it like dough and places it uiion the wheel, or rather wheels- (c:;:n Jer 18'; LXX iirl Till \L8uii/, iniplj-iiig a reading c;:;Nn). The 'ohnniiiiii (a dual form used elsewhere only in Ex 1'" of the ' birth-stool') consisted, as the name implies, of tico discs of wood, connected by a wooden pivot, and arranged the one above the other, the under wheel being the larger of the two. T!ie wheels, which were capable of being revolved in oppor,ite directions, were set in motion by the foot of the potter, who sat at his work. All these points, as well as the processes of tiring and glazing, are referred to in Sir SS-"-"- (cf. the illustrations in Wilkinson, Anc. Egyp. 1837, iii. 164). The first of these processes, the firing, perhaps explains Ps 22" ' My palate [reading "n for 'na ' my strength '] is dried up like a potsherd' (ir-jj, darpaKov). The glazing process, in which the oxide of lead obtained m the course of refining silver was chiefly employed, gives jKiint to the saying of Pr 20-^ ' Fervent [or perhaps 'smooth,' see Toy, ad loc.'\ lips and a wicked heart are like an earthen vessel overlaid with silver dross' (errrS'i. nsja D':'P I?? ; LXX ipyi'piov Siddficvov ncrdi d6Xou Giffirep CffrpaKOv rjyqr^oi').