In the churches of NT times great freedom of utterance was allowed. The rij;ht to preach depended on jrffts, not on ollices. At Corinth, in particular, the gift of prophecy, to which St. Paul assigns the (inst place (1 Co 14'), was found among the private members, and wa,s freely e.\ercised in the assembly (v.^'). Nevertheless, tlie duty of ad- monishing the iusserably rests especially with tlie leading authorities (e.g. 1 Th 5'-). The chief functions of the elders or bishops was, not preach- ing, but the administration ot practical afl'airs. But aLility to teach is recognized, at all events, by the time of the Pastoral Kpistles as the one neces- sary qualihcation of a bishop (1 Ti 3-) which is not also shared by the deacon. In course of time it was considered improjicr for a presbyter to preach in the presence of the bishop, universally so in the West (Possid. Vit. S. Aug. v.; Cone. Hisp. ii. (A.D. 619) can. 7), but not universally in the East, only »7i rjuibusUam ecclesiis (Jerome, ad Kcpot. Epist. 2).
W. F. Adeney.
PREDESTINATION.—
L TliL- 'J'c-rnis. U. I'reilc-Unalion in OT.
1. l-'uinLiinental OT idens.
2. CoHinical Predestination in OT.
3. Soteriolo^^ical Predestination in OT, liL Predestination among tiie Jews.
It. Predestination in NT.
1. The Tearhing of Jesus.
2. The TeadiinK of the Disciples. .1. Tlie Teathinu of St. Paul.
V. Tlie liiblo Doctrine ot Predestination. Literature.
i. TllF, TiciiM.s.— The words 'predestine,' 'pre- destinate,' ' predestination ' seem not to have been domiciled in English literary use until the later period of .Middle English (they are all three found in Chaucer : Truylus and Crijseyde, 906 ; Orisnune to the Holif Virgin, 69 ; tr. of Boethiiis, b. 1, pr. 6, 1. 3844 ; the Old English efjiiivalent seems to have been ' forestihtian,' as in yhlfric's Homilies, ii. 304, 366, in renderings of Ro I'' S'"'). 'Predestine,' 'predestination' were doubtless taken over from the French, while 'pre- destinate' probably owes its form directly to the Latin original of them all. The noun has never had a place in the English Bible, but the verb in the form ' preilestinato' occurs in everyone of its issues from Tindale to AV. Its history in the English versions is a somewhat curious one. It goes back, of course, ultimately to the Latin ' prtrdes/ino ' (a good cla.ssical but not pre-Augustan word; while the noun ' prrr.destinatio' seems to be of Patristic origin), which was adopted by the
Vulgate as its regular rendering of the Gr. wpooplfu, and occurs, with the sole cxcejition of Ac 4'^(Vulg. dccerno), wherever the Latin translators found that verb in their te.'Jt (Ko I* 8^- ™, 1 Co 2', Eph !'• "). But the Wyclilite versions did not carry \ predestinate ' over into English in a single instance, but rendered in every case by ' before ordain ' (Ac 4^ ' deemed '). It was thus left to Tindale to give the word a jilace in the English Bible. This he did, however, in onl}' one passage, Ejih 1", doubtless under the inlluence of the Vulgate. His ordinary rendering of irpoopi^w is 'ordain before' (Uo 8-', Eph P ; cf. 1 Co 2', where the ' before ' is omitted apparently only on account of the succeeding preposition into which it may be thought, therefore, to coalesce), varied in Ko 8'" to 'appoint before'; while, reverting to the (Jreek, he has 'determined before' at Ac 4-" and, follow- ing the better reading, has 'declared' at Ko I^ The succeeding Eng. versions follow Tindale very closel}', thougli the Genevan omits ' before ' in Ac 4^ and, doubtless in order to as.similate it to the neighbouring Eph 1", reads ' did predestinate' in I'.pli 1'. The larger use of the word was due to the Ehemish version, which naturally reverts to the Vulg. and reproduces its prwdesi ino regulaily in 'predestinate' (Ko 1* 8=»- *, 1 Co 2', Eph P- " ; but Ac 4-* 'decreed'). Under this inlluence the A V adopted ' predestinate ' as its ordinary render- ing of irpooplfw (Ko S-"'-^», Eph P-"), while con- tinuing to follow Tindale at Ac 4^ 'determined before,' 1 Co 2' ' ordained,' as well as at Ko 1' ' declared,' m. ' Gr. determined.' Thus the word, tentatively introduced into a single passage by Tindale, seemed to have intrenched itself as the stated English representative of an important Greek term. The KV has, however, dismissed it altogether from the English Bible and adopted in its stead the hybrid compound ' foreordained ' (cf. art. Foreknow, Foreohdain) as its invariable representative of Tpoopl^a (Ac 4^, Ko 8-"- **, 1 Co 2', Eph P- "),— in this recurring substantially to the language of Wyclif and the preferred rendering of Tindale. None other than a literary interest, however, can attach to the change thus intro- duced : ' foreordain ' and ' predestinate ' are exact sj'nonyms, the choice between which can be deter- mined only by taste. The somewhat widespread notion that the 17th cent, theology distinguished between them, rests on a misapprehension of the evidently carefully-adjusted usage of them in the Westminster Confession, iii. 311'. This is not, however, the result of the attribution to the one word of a ' stronger ' or to the other of a ' harsher ' sense than that borne by its fellow, but a simple sequence of a current employment of ' pre- destination ' as the precise sj'nonyra of ' election,' and a resultant hesitation to apply a term of such precious associations to the foreordination to death. Since then the tables have been quite turned, and it is questionable whether in popular speech the word ' predestinate ' does not now bear an unpleasant suggestion.