That neither word occurs in the English OT is due to the genius of the Hebrew language, which does not admit of such compound terms. Their place is taken in the OT, therefore, by simple words expressive of purposing, determining, ordaining, with more or less contextual indication of previuusnoss of action. These represent a variety of Hebrew words, the most explicit of which is perhaps -i»; (Ps 139'", Is 22" 37''" 46"), by the side of which must be placed, however, ri;' (Is 14-'- •■"■■-'' 19" 19" 23", Jer 49-" 50"), whose sub- stantival derivative njv (Job 38- 42», Jer 23'», Pr 19-', Ps33" 107", Is H-^--" 46'"-", Ps lOO'", Is 5" 19", Jer 49«' 50", Mic 4'=) is doubtless the most precise lleb. term for the Divine plan or purpose.
4R
PREDKSTIXATION
PREDESTINATION
altliough tliere occurs alon<; with it in mucli the same s«nsc the term n;vq: (Is 18" 29" 49'" f)0« (io», .ler 51-'", Mic 4'-, I's 9-"),' a derivative of 3¥'n (Gn 50'*, Mic 2-', Jer 18" 'ifi' 29" 30^ 49'^" SO", La 2»). In the Araiiiaif portion of Daniel (4'"''**) tlie com- mon hiter IIel>rewdesi^'nation of the Divine decree (used especially in an evil sense) n-iu occurs : and pT is occasionally used with mucli the same mean- in-,' (Ps 2\ Zeph 2-, I's 105'<'=1 Cli 16", Job 23'^). Otiier words of similar import are n-} (Jer 4-" 51''-', I-a 7'", Zee 1« S"- '=) with its substantive .t:-d (Job 42-, Jer 23-'» 30" 51"); pn (Vs I15» I35\ Pr 21', Is 55", Jon 1» Jg 132=', La 2'^, Is 53"') with its substantive r^n (Is 4G'" 44^ 48" 53'") ; \--<n (Job 14», Is lu--- -» 28--, bn 9-"- '-'' \l^) ; ^nn (Dn 9^) ; S'xV-i (1 S 12--, 1 Cli IT-"', 2 S 1^). To express that special act of i)redestination which we know as ' election,' the Hebrews commonU" utilized the word "irs (of Israel, Dt 4" 7«- ' 10" 14-, Is 418-9 4310. 20 441. 2 454^ Jer 33-J ; and. of the future, Is 14' 65'- "• ^ ; of Jehovah's servant, 42' 49' ; of Jerusalem, Dt
JOH. IS. 26 1425 1520 1Q7. 15. 16 178. 10 Jge SJll^ J^g gW
1 K S'^- « 11"- »-»» 1421, 2 K 21' 25-'') with its sub- stantive I'n: (exclusively used of Jehovah's ' elect,' 2 S 21^ 1 Ch 1G'^ Ps Sy 105«- « 106'- ^, Is 42' 43'-" 45^ 65'- '^- '-"), and occasionally the word I'l; in a pregnant sense (Gn 18'^ Am 3-, Hos 13', cf. Ps 1" 31' 37'8, Is 5S', Neb 1') ; while it is rather the execution of this previous choice in an act of separation tliat is expressed by ^"12.-1 (Lv 20'-" 20=«, 1 K S'S).
In the Greek of the NT the precise term Trpoopffoi (Ac 42», 1 Co 2', Ro 8'-»-*', Eph I'-") is supple- mented by a number of similar compounds, such as wpoTiaao) (Ac 17-^) ; irpoTt8T)ij.i (Eph 1*) with its more frequently occurring substantive, irpbdeun (Ko 8^ 9", Eph 1" 3", 2Ti P) ; irpoiTOLiia^u) (Ro 9^, El)Ii 2'") and perhaps Trpo,3\(Tnii in a similar sense of providential pie-arrangement (He 11^"), with which may be comjiared also irpoerSo;/ (Ac 2**, Gal 3^) ; wpoyL-yfucrKa (I!o 8°' 11", 1 P 1-") and its substantive irpj-yi-wo-it (1 P 1-, Ac 2-') ; Trpoxfipifw (Ac 22'^ 3-*) and wpoxe'poToviw (Ac 4'"). Something of the same idea is, moreover, also occasionally expressed by the simple opifa, (Lk 22--, Ac 17-"- *' 2^, He 4', Ac lO-"-'), or through the medium of terms designating the will, wish, or good-pleasure of God, such as /SouXtj (Lk 7*', Ac 2=^ 4-'8 13^" 20-'', Eph 1", He 6", cf. ^ov\riij.a Ro 9'9 and ^o<)\o/xai He 6", Ja l'*,
2 P 3"), ei\-n,M [e.g. Eph 1'- »• ", He 10', cf. e^\r,cris He 2^, «\u, e.g. Ro 9'^---), cOdoda (Lk 2'*, Eph l»-9, Ph 2", cf. (uooK^a Lk 12^=, Col l'». Gal 1", 1 Co l^i). The standing terms in the NT for God's .sovereign choice of His people are iK\(yeu6ai, in which both the coni])os. and voice are significant (Kph 1', Mk 13-\ Jn l-,'8'8-i9, 1 Co I-''--'', Ja 2' : of Israel, Ac 1.3" ; of Christ, Lk 9»' ; of the disciples, Lk 6", Jn 6'» 13'^, Ac 1- ; of others, Ac 1" 15'), A-Xe<tT6s (Mt [20"] 22'* SG**- =*■ ", Mk 13=»- -■■ ■-■', Lk 18', Ro 8^, Col 3'^ 2 Ti 2'», Tit 1', 1 P 1' [2-'], Rev 17" ; of individuals, Ro 16'^ 2 Jn '■ '» ; of Christ, Lk 23», Jn 13'» ; of angi'ls, 1 Ti 5-'), fWoyi', (Ac 9", Ro 9" ll»-'-=s,
1 Th P, 2 P 1'°), — words which had been preparetl for this NT use by their employment in tlie LXX — the two former to translate "inj and Tn;. In
2 Th 2" a.lp(op.ai is used .similarly.
ii. Prkdestination in OT.— No survey of the terms used to express it, however, can convey an adequate sense of the place occupied by the idea of predestination in the religious system of the liible. It is not too much to say that it is funda- mental to the whole religious con.sciousness of the liiblical writers, and is so involved in all thiir religious conceptions that to eradicate it would transform the entire scriptural representation. This is as true of the OT as of the NT, as will become sufficiently manifest by attending briefly