LiTBRATiTRK.— The OTTheoloniid, particularly Oehler.Suhultz, and Dillmann ; .lolin Siiiilh, .Si-l'Ct DUcmtrgM, 1821 ; John baviHoti. Diftcourgft on f'rojthfr}/^, 18f>fl ; Knohel, Dfr Pro- phelimniu der Ufbrner, 1837; Ewald, Dig Pro/ihfttm dm aJli'n Bundct. vol. i. Isio Cluii e<l. ISOS, trans. 1»76) ; Ilodii.iMii, WtiMiiyung unt Er/ullung, 1841 ; Hcnifstenlwri;, ChritlnL^iie da all'ii Tm/.s (trans. 1864); Patrick Fairlp:iirn, rnphrnj, 1856; limir, OrKchichle dfir attlfst. H'fijl8n(jiniit,iHi;t) ; Eifrthi-nu, * Dit; ftlttewt. Weiss, von Ismet's Ueichs'herrlichkeit' {J'lftrbb. /. dmttclie Theulogit, ls.')n-CO) ; Oehler, articles ' I'rophetin- thnm,' ' Weissaifiing,' aiui ' Messia.**,' in llcrz.iir, Kiici/ct. (recimt bv V. Orelli In HerzoitS); Thnluck, /)i> fm/./irlrn und Hire n'ritiiniiungfn, 1801 ; O. F. Oehler. Dai VerhaltniM der altlent. Priiphetit lur htidnuchrn Manlik, ISOl ; Ihllinann, Dit Pro- pfutrn det alien Bnndfg nach ihrer yotUUehen Wirlitamkeit, ls<W, and article ' Prophctcn ' In .Sclnnkel's Bihrl ■ Lfxicon ; Piiync Smith, Profiheqi a Prrparalin \ /or Chritt (liamp. lA^ct.), 181)9 ; Kucnen. De Profeim en de Pro/etie onder luraet, 1875 (trans. ls77) ; Caatelli, II Metiiia tecoiulo j/li Hbrci, ls7l ; Ouhni, Du Thenlniie der Proflirten, 1875 1 Unislori, llitlnire Crilitfut de la UlUralure Prophftitpie, 1881 ; Urcden. kanip, GeteU und Prit,,hrten, 1881 ; von Orelli, Die attlett. U'eiuajung run d*T Volletiduni/ del Unlletreicht, 1882 (trans, under till* OT Prophecv of the Conjiummation oj Qod't Kinij-
•fom, ISSr*); Konig, Der Of^enlinrun^tibe'jrijr det alien TrM. 18.s*2 (cf. criticism in Riehtn and Gicsebrecht), ond Haupt jjrithteme der altijtr. lieiiinnmjegchiciite, 1882 ; \V. Robertson Smith, The Prophets ../ Israel, 1882 ; (3. A. Brl(;g;s, ilettianic J'rvphec;/, 18s« ; StantoHj The Jewish and Chriiitian Messiah, isstl ; Delitxsch. Mrsttianisch^ }yeissa(tun{fen, latHl (trans. 1891); Damiesteter, Lrjt Propht-tes d'lsrart, 1892 ; Kirkpatrick, Doc- triyie o/ the Prophets, 1892 ; Driver, Sermons on OT, 1892 ; Cornill, Der israeliiische Prophi-ti*in»s, 1S04 (trans.^ 1898); Gicsebrecht, Uritrdge zur .Jesaiatsrilik, 189(1, and Die Berrijs- berjntning der alltest. Propheten, 1897 (cf. Skinner's notice in Vril. Revietc, ix. 34 ff.) ; Schwartzkopff, Die Prophetische O'Jen- barung, 1890 ; Lohr, Der M issimis'jedanke im aiten Test. 1896 ; F. H. Woods, The Uupeo/ Israel. 1896 ; Wellhausen, Israelilische und Jiidische Geschichte^, 1897 ; Volz, Die vorexiliiche Jahwe- projihrlie u. der Stessias, 1397; HUhn, Die Mess. Weisswjun- ijeii, 1899 ; Hud. Kittel, Pro/rtic und WeUsagung, 1899 ; Kichm, Messianic Prophecy'^ (containing exhaustive literature). 1!X)0.
A. B. Davidson. PROPHETESS (IN-?}, irpoc^^Tu).— The conditions that were ncce.ssarj' to qualify for tlie projibetic othire in the OT sense were not such as to e.xchide women from the latter (see the prcceiling article, p. IH", and cf. Ac 'J''). Tlie following [iiophetesses are mentioned in Scripture: Miriam, K,\ 15'-", cf. Nu 1-22 (both JE); Deborah, .Ig 4'; Huldali, 2 K 22'* (=2 Ch ?,\") ; Noadiah, Neh f* (but cf. LXX, which has the niasc. ti} Xoaoia ry vpo<priTri) ; Anna, Lk 2^*. 'The prophetess ' of Is 8* is jirob- aljh' simply ' the prophet's wife.' Prophecy in the N'T sense was, of course, also a gift exercised by women (cf. Ac 21', 1 Co 1 1"). ' The woman Jezebel which calleth herself a prophetess' (Kcv 2-"; see vol. ii. p. 6.56'') may have cljiimed the gift of pro- phecy in either the OT or the NT sense. See also art. Woman. J. A. Selhif;.
PROPHET IN NT (Trpo^ijnjs, -eieiv, -ela : never fidvTLi or cognate words except Ac 16" pLavrevoiiivri of the possessed girl at Philippi). — -The irpo^iJrTjs in classical Greek is one who speaks for another — the interpreter either of the ecstatic iiivm or of the god himself, so that he is near akin to the ^I'ryv'isi though with more definite reference to a per- son than to things. Of lori classid may be men- tioned .Esch. Eum. 19 : Ai6s irpo^ijn;? {(ttI Ao|iti! TTOTpis (.so Plato, Rep. 427 C: Trdrpiot irp. ), .'ind Plato, Tim. 71 E f. , where he contrasts the irpo^iixiji with the iii.vTL'i. The same sense of ' interpreter ' is found in Pliilo (e.g. QiiU rer. div. 52, De sj)ec. legihus, 8;, though he ascribes to him the ecstasy assigned by Plato to the ixavm. This blending of the two, which pr.actically merges the irporf>r}T7]i in the ixdpTis, was a current belief even among Chris- tians (Justin, Athenagoras) in spite of 1 Co 14, esp. v.'-, till it was partly discredited by Montanist fanaticism ; and in our own time it may be tracetl in every theory of inspiration which fails to realize the full co-opcnition ol the proiihet's understanding.
In NT, too, the word ir ito<pi)Tris keejis its general sense of an interpreter of (Iinl's niessjige. Ifiil the prediction which most impressed the vulgar (so roundly even Clem. Alex. .^trom. v\. 12: 17 irpo- tpyjrda npdyi'wffis^crTiv — in truth it is nearer ^3r/7ftj(rts) was a very small part of the message. Agabus predicted the famine and St. Paul's imprisonment (Ac 11'^ 21'°), the Apoc. is called a irpoijiiyrda, and the OT prophets aie natunilly cited more or less from the side of prediction. But the pmphet's proper work is rather (1 Co 4''' **■ -°) edification and consolation, revealing the secrets of the inner life and incidentally converting unbelievers, though, strictly speaking, prophecj- is the sign (1 Co 14'^) for believers. And because the prippbct edifies the Church, not only himself, propliccy is a better gift (1 Co 14'' ^) tiiaii that of tongues, and more earnestly to be coveted, though still but a transi- tory gift (1 Co 13"), not abiding like faith, hope, antl love. On the method (scarcely the only method) of edification we get a hint in Ac l:!'* where jiropbcts are ministering (XeiToi'p7oi"iTft t(^ K. — comiiare Timothy's appointment, I Ti 1"'4''') when