• EV 'forgiven,' which no doubt expresses falrlv the general sense, but obliterates the distinctive character of the lleb. word U8ed(ef. s 15, towards the end).
t KV 'purged,' substituting an Idea not at all contained in the Ilcb. ItVm ' Or, expiated.'
: Comp. tor the thought Sir S»-» (Ileb. nnsn "VOSn np-i)i) S.-.1 (.Iwetc 82 (35) »).
§ lev ' purge away ' : see the last note but one.
130
PROPITIATION
PROPITIATION
((!5 l\d<r6riTi T015 a/i.), Dn 9" (RVm ' purge away' ; Theod. ds-aXet^ai tAs ddiKias [= LXX] Kal tov i^tXdaajSai dSixfas), — the object in all these cases being either 'iniquity' or 'transgression,' end there being no reference to any propitiatory rite. Cf. (though with a reference to sacriUce) Sir 34'9 (Swete 31 (34) ^).
10. (3) Tlie third class of eases in which kipper is used belongs to the distinctively legal termin- ology (almost entirely Ezk and P : Ha nearly always i^i\d<rKoixat wcpL : EV mostly ' to make atonement'; see § 2). Here the subject is the priest, * the means usually a sacrihce, though occasionally it is (see § 11 h-m) some other act or ofl'ering, regarded as vindicating the holiness of the community in which Jehovah dwells, and hence as reinstating it in His favour : the object is never the sin, but (as commonly understood) the person (or thing) on whose behalf the propitiation is made, the verb — which is construed mostly with "75; or nj;?, and only rarely, in some of the cases in which the object ia something material (the altar or the sanctuary), with a direct accusative (Lv le-""- "**, Ezk 43»'-'« 45™ [© ^?iX. with accus.])— being inter- preted as signifying properly to cover up (cf. njj 7S, and nj;? iJD), or screen, by a n?3, or covering (propitiatory) gift (so Riehm, 30-32; Dillm.; Schmoller, tliough undecidedlj', p. 284).
Wellh. (Compos.^ 336), observinfj^ the analog'y, as re^rds the subject and the means, with the cases grouped under (1), supposes that the object was ori*;maUy 'Jehovah's face' (cf. Gn 3220, cited § 6; and the phrase '• 'JS'nx n'^n, lit. 'make sweet the face of J",' EV ' beseech,' or ' entreat the favour of,' Ex 3211, 1 S 1312, 1 K 138 etc.), but that in process of time the object came to be omitted, and the verb was construed abso- lutely, to perform a propitiatory rite (h'ppurirn) : construed with an accus., it would then mean (analogously with 15;', etc., Ge3.-Kautzsch, §f.2/))fo af^ct with a jiropitiatorii riie. So far as the ideas associated witli the word are concerned, it is in- different which of these explauations of the constructioo is adopted.
11. We must next consider of what different sacrifices, or other rites, tapper, in this third class of cases, is predicated. It is predicated, viz.,
(a) of the iitrni-oUering, Lv 1« 14-'" 16'^ ; cf. Ezk
4515. 17_
(6) of the .vMiVi-offering (nyx), Lv 5"- " 6' 7' 14'8
(see vv.i'-- "), vv. •-'• =« (see vv.'i>-*>) 19==, Nu 5*.
(c) of the «m-oii'ering. Ex 29*=- ^ 30'», Lv 42»- =«• si- ^
66.13 630 §15.34 ion 1419 16 (i4_i5 times [on
v.'" see Kalisch, Dillm., and above, i. 199«.]) 23'-«, Nu 15-=» 'I'S'^- »» '29», Ezk 43^- *< 45*', 2 Ch 292*, Neh 10^.
(rf) of the «m-oii'ering and the 6Mm<-offering to- gether, Lv 5'" 9' I2'5'- ' 14^' iS"- i", Nu 6"' 8" (cf. v.*'") 15--"-.
(e) of blood in general (as containing the 'soul,' or life), Lv 17" H (' I have given it to you upon the altar to make propitiutlon for your souls ; for tlie blood, it mnkcth propitiation bv means of the .soul [life]'): cf. 6^ 8"* 16-'; also W^, where the blood of the slain bird (with other ceremonies) ' makes propitia- tion ' for the leprous liouse.
{/) of the ' ram of installation (d"!*^?),' and the bread, oll'ered at the consecration of the high-priest, Ex 2y» (see vv. >»-2»- S2).
{g) of the meal- and /jectce-ofiering, only in Ezk 4515. 17 (possibly, also, though not probably, of the meal-ottering in Lv U-"- " : see § 13).
Kappcr is attributed, further, to
(h) tlie half-shekel, to be i)aid bv every one at a census, as the kappcr of liis 'soul' (life). Ex 30'»- '« (probably [cf. Riehm, 24 f. ; Dillm.] as an acknowledgment of member- ship in the theocracy, upon an occasion when the sins and imperfections of indi-
•Or sometimes (Lv 1« 17", Ex sol » 16, Nu SI* SS") the ^^ering ; but the difference is immaterial.
viduals would come prominently nndet Jehovah's notice) ; cf. § 6. (») the appointment of the Levites as authorized representatives of the Israelites to perform menial duties about the sanctuary, Nu 8" (lay Israelites, approaching the holy vessels, etc., would do so at risk of their lives [cf. 1822 pi. Mj . (^ijg Levites, doing it on their behalf, prevent Jehovali's wrath from mani- festing itself in a plague [cf. the same ex- pression in Ex 30'-], and are therefore said to ' make propitiation ' on their behalf). (/) the incense by which Aaron appeased Jeho- vah's anger, and arrested the plague, Nu 16«'- (Heb. 17"'-). (k) the punishment of a conspicuous offender, Nu '25'' (the occasion on which Phinehas, interposing with the sword, ' turned away ' Jehovah's ' wrath ' from the Israelites, and arrested the plague : see v."). (I) the ottering of tlie spoil taken from the Midianites, Nu 31^ (' to make propitiation for our souls before J" ' ; probably, as in Ex SO"-'*, in view of the numbering of the men of war, v.^' [where the phrase is the same as in Ex ZQ" ; cf. also v."'' with Ex 30»"'ll. (to) the blood of a murderer, making expiation