for blood unjustly shed, Nu 35**. All these passages belong to P. 12. The following additional facts Avith regard to the usage of kipper deserve al.so to be noted.
(a) It is construed with p 'from' of the ott'ence (or uncleanness), — RV 'as concerning,' 'because of,' 'for,' but more probably (so Riehm, 60 f.; Schmoiler, 254 f., 284; cf. Diilm. on Lv 4»«) to be understood in the sense of ' (clearing) from ' ('shall make propitiation for \\\m from his sin'), Lv 4-» 56.10 1419 (.from his uncleanness'), IS"-*" 16"^-i«", Nu 6" ; and with '^v ' on account of,' Lv 4'' 5"- " 6' 19" (RV 'as touching,' ' concerning,' ' for').
(6) It is followed by 'and it shall be forgiven him (them),' in the case of the sin-oft'ering, Lv 4-.:o. 26.31. S5 510. 13^ Nu 1525. 28 ((.f_ v.-«); .and in the case of the guilt-ottering, Lv S'"- '^ 6' 19-=. (These are the only passages in the Law, except Nu SO"- '• ", in which n^? 'to forgive,' occurs).
(c) It is closely associated (but only where pre- dicated of the sin-ottering) with ' to be clean ' (in-j), or 'to cleanse' (ina), Lv 12'- « 14-»- '»• " 16'»-% Nu 8=', Ezk 43-», cf. 2 Ch 30'8 ; with 'to sanctify,' Ex W"-^-", Lv 8" IG",
Nu 6" ; and with 'to free from sin' (nEn), Ex 29'' (EV, very inadequately, 'cleanse'), Lv 8"> (EV 'puri- fied' !), 14*-" [see v.""] of the leprous house (EV 'cleanse'), Nu 8" (RV ' puriUed from sin'), Ezk 4320. 22 (. cleanse,'— of the altar, as Ex 29'") 45-* (see v."), — in all the cases with nan, of a material object, \\hich the Hebrews regarded as capable of being infected with sin (Schmoller, 222, 261).
(rf) Cf. kippurim, ' propitiation ' (EV ' atonement '), used («) of a sin-ofterins, Ex 2936 3010, Nu 29" ; (^)of a piilt-otfering, Nu 68 : (y) in the expression ' day of propitiation (atonement),' Lv 23'-^- 88 SiV.*; (i)'propitiation.money,'of the half-shekel paid at a census, Ex 3016. It is probable also (whatever the ultimate orif^'in of the term may have been) that the idea of propitiation was felt to attach to' kamurcth (EV ' mercy-seat ') ; cf. what is said OD this subject in Lemticxui (in Haupt's SBOT), p. 80 1.
(e) The object of kipper is usually an individual or the community ; but sometimes it is a material object, — in particular the altar of burnt-ollering, (at the time of its consecration) Ex 29'"'- ", Lv 8'*, Ezk 43-"- "*, (on the annual Day of Atonement) Lv 1618.20.33. tiie sanctuary (on the same occasion), Ex SO"" [in v.'o* the prep, has probably a local force], Lv 16'"- *■ ^, Ezk 45^ ; a house infected with leprosy, Lv 14" ; cf. of the goat sent to Azazel, Lt 16'0(see Dillm.).
PROPITIATION
PROPITIATION
131
13. It floes not fall within the scope of the present article to investigate the character or rationale of Sacrifick, except in so far as this is expressed by the term kapper. Confining ourselves therefore to this, we may draw from the data col- lected in §§ 10-12 the following conclusions with regard to the significance of this term in its legal or ceremonial applications (which are to be care- fully distinguished from the ea;<ra-legal usages, analj-zed in §§ 5, 7-9). In the legal terminology it is especially associated with the siJi-otlering, of which it designates tlio most distinctive and char- acteristic operation ; it is also frequently, though not so characteristicallv, predicated of the guilt- offering (the dsham), tliat ditt'erentiated type of sin-oH'ering prescribed for cases in which injury has been done to the rights of another person. To the 6«m<-oH'ering, ofi'ered aloue, it is attributed only in Lv I* 14-" 16^ (cf. Ezk 45'»- "; also Job 1' 42*), on the ground, it seems, that, though not a proper propitiatory sacrifice, it was a mark of the worshipper's devotion, and, bein^ offered ' for his favour (acceptance) before J"' (Lv 1* ^li")^), and accepted Cii" n>-;:i) accordingly, moved Him to regard him graciously, and to overlook his moral insutU- ciency ; elsewhere it is not attributed to it ex- pressly,* but only (§ 11 rf) when it is closely associ- ated with the sin - ofi'ering, for the purpose (as seems to be frequently the case) of enhancing the significance of the latter ; and, indeed, Lv H'-" 16" (of. vv.'- °) might almost be regarded as falling under this category. Ezekiel (45"- ") attributes it to tlie peace- and meal- oflering ; in H, also, it is attributed to the peace- (and burnt-) offerings, in virtue of what is said about the ' blood ' in Lv 17" (cf. v.*) ; in the system of P it is not attributed directly to either of these, for the meal-offering in Lv 14-'"'-" holds such a secondary place that it cannot be treated with any confidence as participating in the kappara. The kapjidrd is specially the function of the blood (see Lv 17" [H] ; and cf., in the ritual of the sin-offering. Ex 30'», Lv 4. 6»<°i 8"> 16""- 1»'- ", Ezk 43*> 45""-), on account, as is expressly said in Lv 17", of its being the seat of the ' soul ' or life, the most precious, and also the purest and most immaterial gift that can be offered to God ; the only exception (among sacrifices) being one that proves the rule, viz. (Lv 5") the vegetable offering allowed as a substitute for the usual sin-offering, when the latter was beyond the means of the offerer. Hence the later llabb. dictum ( Yomd 5a) C73 K^(ji ,-055 I'N ' there is no kappara except with blood ' (cf. He 9-), — which, however, is not true universally (see the cases, § 11 h-m, esp. Ex 30'"-), but only in so far as sacrifice is concerned.