The distribution of jiarts, however, is not in- variably or rigidly dualistic. For along with such aa those now quoted we have also various trinal phrases, e.(t. ' ily soul longeth . . . for the courts of the Lord ; my heart and my flesh crieth out unto the living God (Fa 84^). 'My heart is glad and my glory rejoiceth, my flesh also dwelleth in safety ' (I's 10"). ' Mine eve is consumed with grief, yea, my soul and my belly' (HV 'body,' Ps 31"). Yet, dual or trinal though the terras may be, the intention is essentially bipartite, viz. to express in man the inner and the outer, the higher and the lower, the animating and the animated all restinj? upon the iirimal contrast of what is earth-derived with what is God-inbreathed.
Such is a condensed account of the Bible treat- ment of psychological terms and ideas, which also goes a long way to fix the biblical teaching about Man. At most of the important points, the liible view of man's nature coincides with that of human psychology at large. Scrii>ture frankly and fully conlirnis the view which places man among the animals, but at their head. It m.ikes m.an dill'er in no respect as to the origination of his ])Iiysical frame, but in two most important particulars it distinguishes man altogether from the anim.als — in the direct and immediate connexion of his origin with (Jod, and in his survival of death (see artt. EscilATOU)(;v and Ue.suki!kctio.v).
LiTKRATCFtB. — M. F". Roo», Futulamfitta Fuiichutorjup ex S,S. €*/llfcUe (ITGft) ; ()Uhau»«n, ' Do Nattiraj huiimii;u tricho- toniiH." in hiH (JptuiciUa T/iroUfjica (Berlin, 18;i4) ; lit>tt»;hcr, Vf it\f*'ri» . . . fx Hfl/rtXf/ram et tjrivrt'rnin opiniimibus (Urindin, 184.1); J. T. Beck. Uinritl d<-r ljiUi.-.chtn Serlmlrhre (184a, 1877, Euil. It., Clark, Eilin. lS77i: Franz l)elilzs<:li, Si/itlf>n (Irr bilitinchen 1'nucholfffie,^ (Leip/.i-.;. 18tU, Knif. tr., Clark, Ivlin. 1S117); II. 11. Wentll, Dif h-qriffr Flrixh u„il Geint in fjiU. Sprach'ifbrauch (Gotha, ls7S) ; EUicoit, 'The Threefold Nature o( .Man' in Thi^ D'-ttiny of the Creature uiul oilier S-nnmui (London, I'arkcr, 180:1) ; .1. B. Heart!, The Tri- parlile \nliire of Mani (Olurk, FA\n. l!iS'); E. White, Life m ChriAl, A Study of the Scripture Doetrine on the Nature of Man (l^ndon, fc. Stock, IS7s) ; W, P. Uickson. St. Paui i Ute of the Tenna Fleth ami Sjiiril ^alungnw, 188.!) ; Laldlaw, The Biliir Dortrin* of Man (re\iHed ed., Clark, Win. 18«5). TlFe reader mav consult also the Old Teitlamfut Thrutixjieg of Oehler and SchulU, and the Hew Tmlainent Theulii.jiei of Bvrnhard Weisil and ncvschla^; cf., further. OilTonl. /inirianx, 4*>-5'J ; Sanday-Headlam, Hoinawi, 181 ; Driver, Srr.nim» on
OT.\B. J. Lau.law.
PTOLEMAIS (IlroXeuafs) is the NT name of tha old t-'auaanilisli stronghold Acco (which see). It received this name from Ptolemy n. Philadelphus when, after the conquest of .Syria and the death of Alexander the Great, it came into his possession. For several hundred years, throughout its inde- pendence during the wars of the Maccabees, and under the dominion of Koine, when it received the privileges of a Roman city, this title supplanted the original name. At Ptolemais, Jonathan Alaccalueus was treacherously captured (1 .Mac 12"*); and the Greeks had built there a sj)lendid temple to Jupiter. It is only once noticed in the NT, in connexion with the missionary journey of St. Paul from Tyre to Ca^sarea (Ac 21'). There was a sm.-ill band of Christian converts in the place, and it is recorded that the Apostle abode with them one day. Ptolemais was favourably situated as regards both sea and land approaches. On the occasion of the Apostle's visit, we are told that he came by sea, having sailed from the harbour of Tyre, and that he proceeded on foot to C;esarea and from thence to Jerusalem, lint there is every likelihood, judg- ing from Ac IP" 12-' 15--*' 18-'-, that he must have passed severjil times through the city, by the ancient land-route along the coast that connected Ca'-sarea by means of the rocky pa.ss of the Ladder of Tyre with Antioch.
Josephus {Ant. xiv. xv. I) tells us that Herod landed at Ptolemais on his voyage from Italy to Syria. It may be mentioned that there is another Ptolemais, the capital of Pentai)olis in Cjrenaica, of which the celebrated Synesius, the pupil of Ilypatia of Alexandria, was bishop early in the 5tn century. In the extremely interesting series of his letters which are still extant, there is one addressed to all Christian bishops throughout the worlil, in which he announces that he had excom- municated, at a Dioce.san Sj'nod, Andronicus, the governor of the place, on account of his crimes against the Church.
As it was a seaport town, the Jews, who were not a maritime people, took very little interest in the Syrian Ptolemais, and therefore it hardly figures on the pages of Scripture. But in medi;cval times it rose into "reat fame under the name of Acre, which is closely connected with its original name of Acco, and has obscured all the other names imposed or altered at dill'erent times by foreigners. Elsewhere in the Holy Land .sacred memories almost obliterate secular ones ; but here it is the reverse. The civil history of Acre is de- cidedly Western, as is the prouiinent headland on which it is situated, which pushes it.self farther out from the monotonous coast than any other place in Palestine, except Cariiiel. On this jiroject- mg shoulder of the Holy Land the town occupies so commanding a position that Napolecm called it the Key of Syria. At a distance it presents the iippearanee of a stronglj' fortilied European town, but its architectural features inside are thoroughly Oriental in chanicter. At the time of the Crusaders it was the Castella Peregrinorum, the principal landing-place of pilgrims to Jeru.sulem j and it was the last foothohl of the Cru.saders on the sacred soil. Here was the ijrincii)al seat of the great knightly orders of St. John of the Temple and the Hospital, who gave it the French name of St. Jean d'Acre. It iiad a large sliare in the feudal and ecclesiastical wars of Europe, and in the unhaii]iy iiolitical intrigues of the Kejiuhlics of Venice, Genoa, and Pis4i. It has been subjected to numerous sieges, from the days of Baldwin, the founder of the shortlived dynasty of the Latin sovereigns of the Eastern empire, to those of Napoleon, whose destiny was here first marred by <lefeat. Saladin, Ccjcur de Lion, anil Sir Sydney .Smith performed feats of valour in connexion