fiatra; but, after making himself master of Antioch, le retained the crown of Syria for himself. Balas was defeated in battle, and killed in the course of his flight ; but Ptolemy was wounded mortally, and only lived to have his enemy's head luosented to him, in B.C. 140 (1 Mac 11«-'"; Jos. Ant. xill. iv. 8). Dn 11=5-*' is to be understood of the wars between Philometor and Antiochus iv.
II. W. Mo.ss. PTOLEMY yil. (more correctly IX., the young sou of Cleopatra II. having reigned for a few months, assumed the title of Euergetes II., possibly at his coronation at Memphis, but was better known amongst his Greek sulijects by the nick- name of Physcon, ' fat-iiaunch ') succeeded to solo rule in B.C. 146 or the following year, and died about thirty years afterwards. Justin and Strabo describe him as tyrannous to his subjects, and as shrinking from no crime ; but the papyri (cf. especially Mahall'y in vol. iv. 192 11. of Petrie'a Hist, of Egijpt) represent him as extending the commercial bounds of E<'ypt, and as upholding law and order within it. riiere are indications in two texts from Atliribis (cf. also Grenfcll's Papyri, i. 74 f. ) that he protected and was popular amongst his Jewish subjects. If so, the evidence against the theory that 3 Mac. records persecutions during his reign is increased. In the Prologue to Sir. the editor of the Gr. version states that he came to Egj'pt in the 30th year of Euergetes (B.C. 133, the reckoning being from the commencement of the joint reign of the brothers), and im|ilies tliatby th.at time the entire OT had already been trans- lated for the benefit of the Jews in Egypt, prob- ably with special reference to the needs of those resident in the great centre of Leontopolis. The task appears to have been begun in the reign of
i7'J
PUAH
PUliUCAN
Philopator, possilily earlier, and may have been completed sliortlj- before the visit of the w-riter of the Prologue.
LlTERATURB. — Of Ptolemaic literature a good eumniary to 1895 is given in WaclisiiHitii's KiiUeituiig in das Studiuni der alien Gesrhichtc, 679 (I., whilst the articles, especially by Clcss and bv Wiluken, in the new edition of Paulj's ttealeiicydopadie, eil. Wissowa, are invaluable. The principal sources are Justin's L/titinnf ; Pausanias, bk. L ; Jerome, Cmn. »n Van. xi. ; plu arch's Lilt 0/ Cleoinenet; Josephus, Diodorus, Polybius, and Livy, of which any edition with a good index will funiish a list of the scattered passages referring to the Ptolemies. Careful and ingenious use is made of inscriptions by Mahaffy in his Empire of the Ptolemies, ami in his sketch of the Ptolemaic Dynasty in 'the fourth volume of Petrie's Hiet. of E'jypt. .-Vniongst the best connected histories are Droysen's Geschichte de,t Uellenigmv^, and Strack's Dynastw der Ptolemder. For the inscriptions, in addition to the memoirs of the Egypt Ex* ploration Fund, Wilcken's Archia Jar Pnpitnts-forschuTUf, MahatTy's Pctrie Papyri in 3 vols, of 'Cunningham Memoirs' of the Royal Irish Academy, Revillout's Revue hiiyptolnnique and M<^lan{jes, should be consulted. A great wealth of pa|>yri has accumulated in the British Museum and the Louvre, at I^eyden, •Turin, Rome, and elsewhere, and these are gradually being edited in separate memoirs or in one of the Egyptological periodicals by Grenlell, Hunt, and others ; but only a com* paratively small proportion relate to the period of the Ptolemies. For furtber or more general literature reference should be made to the l)iblingraphical not© at the close of the article on Egypt,
vol. i. p. 1)67. K. W. Moss.
PUAH.— 1. (isns ; *ovi) Ex 1", one of the Hebrew niidwives in Ejrypt. Philo {Quis renim dii'iyi. p. 3S1) f., ed. 1()13) identifies this name with 2, perhaps riy;htly, and e-vplains, <t'oi/d (pvBpav epp.veiJeTa.i. 2. (HNS ; <t>oi'd) .Ig 10', of the tribe of Issachar, father of the minor judge Tola. Puah is called ' son of Dodo,' for which LXX and Syr. give the improb- able rendering, 'son of his [Abimeleeh's] uncle.' A recension of LXX, represented by 8 minnscles, renders , . . vldv 4'oi'a vlov Kapi^ [KapT^^] TrarpaSeXfpou airrov, k.t.X. ; hence HoUenberg (ZATW i. 104 f.) concludes that Puah was the son of r-i^ (cf. 2 K IS'', Jer 40*), and that the name has fallen out of MT. Moore (Jw/ifes, p. '273) suggests that Kapti is only a corruption of Issachar ; the MT is probably right. 3. In the lists of Issachar, Gn 46'^ Nu 26^ (n;= Puvah), 1 Ch 7' (■iw=), Puah appears as the brother, not the father of Tola. Both are probably names of clans rather than of individuals.
Tlie meaning of Puah is uncertain. The name
has been connected with the Arab. }»• fuh, a plant
yielding a red dye, 'madder,' the Ruhia tinctorum of Linn. In Talm. nn^s is used in this sense, e.g. Sliahb. Sii//, Eriib. 26f. See Low {Arainaische Pflnnzennnmen, 251). If this be so, the connexion with Tola, ' the crimson worm,' is interesting. Lagarde (Mitthcil. iii. 1889, 281) takes ptiah to be a sea-weed = 0Pkos, and explains that Issachar's son was so called because he used sea-weed in dyeing ; Issachar dwelt by the sea (Dt 33'"). But the riibia tinct. is not a sea-weed. G. A, Cooke.
PU BLICAN (TeX(4>T)5, from tAos, ' tax ' ; Lat. publi- canus). — In the widest sense the word publicaniis stands for any one who has business connexions with the State. It is usually employed in a nar- rower and more specific sense for a farmer-general of the revenue^by preference a man of equestrian rank (who was also sometimes designated 'manceps,' e.g. Cicero, Div. in Ccecilium, 33, and 'redemptor,' Div. ii. 47). The name was also given to the agents of the farmer of the revenue, wOiom he employed in collecting the taxes. In Palestine the taxes went to the imperial treasury {fiscus), not to that of the senate {(crarium). Unaer the procurator the Juda'an taxes were paid through that official, whose primary function was the superintendence of the revenue. In the territories assigned to the petty kings and tctrarchs, such as that of Herod