The extenuation of the Christian doctrine of the resurrection of the dead into a natural or conferred immortality of the soul to avoid perplexities arising from the limitation of our knowledge, evacuates the force of St. Paul's teaching as to the ideal sanctity of the human body, e.g. I Co 6''', and sacrifices the moral value of a sense of its high destiny. Again, it breaks up the Pauline con- ception of man as body, soul, and spirit, all capable of being preserved entire without ul.ame (1 Th r>^). Even if Ave hesitate to accept St. Paul's psycho- logy, we must confess that the only self which we know is a self constituted of body as well as soul. St. Paul's expression of Christian hope is not deliverance from the body, but redemption of the body. The redemption of the body is the last stage in the great process of adoption [nlodarla) by which we are made ' sons of God ' (Ro 8^).
LiTERiTORK.— W. R. Alger, Critical History o/ the Doctrint of a Future Life, with Bibliogniphy by Kicra Abljott (the latter also pub. separately); Schultz, OT' Theohigy (Eng. tr.), vol. ii. pp. 382-308; Hevs'chlag, HT Tlienlngj/ (Eng. tr.); Schiirer, HJP § 29, ' Messianic Hope ' ; Schwally, Dan Leben nach dem Tode; Teichmann, Die Paulinisctien Vorstellungen von Au/er- Blehimg und Oericht ; Che.\Tie, Oripin of the J'salter, Lect. vin, part if. ; Comuientariee on 1 and 2 Co, especially Meyer** Kommentar, ed. Heinrici, Schniiedel's lland.Cfnnmeiitar, and Kldpper's Sectmd Corinthians ; articles in Ilerzog, PJiK^, by Kiibel, and in Ilauck, PRE^, by Schacder ; articles on Ksciiat- 0IX)QY in pre-tient work ; Westcotl, The Gospel o/the Resiirr.rtion ; Sir O. (1. Stokes, Immortality of the Siml (a short panijihlet). By far the most important modern works are Saliii<iiid'sC7(rf;v/ian Doctrine of Immortality ; and. on different lines. Charles' Kscliat. olofjy, Hebrew, Jewish, and Christian, with which should be read the same author's Book of Enoch, See also Thackeray's Helation of St. Paul to CoiUemp. Jewish Thought, ch. v. (published after the foregoing art. was in type). I'\iller accounts of the literatur* will be found at the end of the three articles on Esch.itotx)OT.
E. R. Bernard. REU (in ; LXX and NT 'P0701;, hence AV in Lk
REUBEN
REUBEN, REUBENITES
237
3» Ragnu).-The son of Pelog, Gn H"-", 1 Ch 1", Lk 3". The ethnolo},'ical signification of the name Is uncertain. Von Bohlen has even suggested its Ulentitj- with Rhnges in Media; Ewald (Hist. i. 268, Eng. tr.) conjectures ylrj'Aajiffl at the sources of the Tigris ; some think of Rughwa in the Shammar mountains in Arabia (see Sprenger, Geog. Arab. •2'i'i, 294), others of the Araraiean Eu'ua in S. Babj'louia, often mentioned in the Assyrian in- scriptions from the time of Tiglath-pileser II. onwards (see Dclitzsch, Pararftcs, 238 If. ; Schrader, KAT' 117 [COT i. 102]). Mez (Gesch. der Stadt ^nrrCin, 23) makes Reu the name of a god ; but see l)illm. Genesis, ad loc. J. A. Selbik.
REUBEN (I31K-!; LXX •Po«;3>';^ [E in Gn 30" ■PoupitMj ; but Jos. Ant. I. xix. 7, etc. 'Pou^ijXos, Syr. [Lee] \\ . ^ni Rtibil, and similarly [so Dilhnann
on Gn 2SF-] in Arab, and Eth. Versions and some Gr. MSS 'Pou;3i.\, 'Poi/jSTjX). — The etymology is auite un- certain ; MT spelling makes the nanie = ' Behold a son.' Gn 29^, playing upon the form of the word, finds in it a suggestion of ' He hath looked upon my distress ' (nVa ly'onyt), and possibly also of ' He will love me' (ye'ihdbhini). Josephus (^c.) states that the word meant, ' It had liappened to her according to the compassion of God,' i.e. Kl. None of these derivations are probable. Baethgen (BeitrdQe, p. 159) prefers t)ie reading Reuben, and Bees in it a strengthened form of the Arabic proper name Ru'bn, found in an African inseriplion as the name (in the form linbnti.';) of a Palinyiene. If Reiihel is read, he would explain it as re'u-bel or re'u-b-el, ' seen by [cared for by] Bel or El,' and not, as some have taken it (with Gad and Asher), as the name of a cod. Dillmann (on Gn 29^'-) prefers the reading lieubel, and connects it with Arab, ri'bdl. 'wolf; Ball (on Gn 29»2, SBOT) suggests a connexion with the Egyptian ra-uhnn, but prefers to derive from Arab, ra'-ub, ' a chief who mends matters, a big, portly chief,' from rn'lin, ' to mend.' The form '?n-3t occurs as a proper name in Aramaic inscriptions (Lidzbarski, p. 31)7) ; and it seems possible that, whichever reading is preferre<i, the root 3t 'great' underlies the word (note Reuben's position as firstborn). Cf. Lagarde, Onom. Sarrn, s.v. ; Gray, HPN pp. 65, 124.
In .1, Reuben is the firstborn of Jacoo, and the son of I.eah, Gn 29''' ; he linds mandrakes for her, 30"; and lies with ISilhah, the slave -girl whom Itachel gave to .Jacob as a concubine, 35^. Per- haps in the original narrative of .J this episode was placed after .Jacob's death, and was a kgiti- niati! incident of Reuben's succession to his father (Addis, but cf. below). In the Blessing of Jacob (possibly incorporated by J in his work), Gn 49''-, in the text as it stands, Reuben is the firstborn, and is denounced for the act of incest.
In E, Reuben appears only in the story of Joseph, na making an unsuccessful attempt to oave him from liis other brothers, 37-"' "*,* and as offering his sons as pledges for the safety of Benjamin.