Kittel, however, considers that the statement of 1 Ch 1 1**, that among David's mighty men was the Reubenite chief Adina ben-Shiza with thirty fol- lowers, is derived from some ancient source no longer extant.
According to an ancient source preserved in 1 h. •*•'■", Solomon divided the country into twelve districts, three of which lav east of Jordan. The snutliernmost is described as ' the land of Cad (so Benzinger with LXX [B] ; MT has ' GUead '), the country of Sihon ' ; * Reuben, in common with the majority of the tribes, is not mentioned. At the disniption Reuben fell to the Northern kingdom, 1 K 11".
In the Blessing of Moses (Dt 33), a document com[io»ed in the Northern kingdom under either Jeroboam I. or II., Reuben is still mentioned lirst ; perhaps, however, only through the intluence of the earlier Blessing of Jacob. The verse runs — * Let Reuben live, and not die ; Yet let his men be few • (RV). t
This verse implies that Reuben had become alto- gether insignilicant. So, too, the Moabite Stone mentions most of the Reubenite cities as occupied or conquered by Moab ; it 8])eak8 of the Gadites, but does not name Reuben. Hence before the time of Mesha (a younger contemporary of Ahab), Reuben had long lost the country to the east of the Dead Sea, if it ever held it, and was merged in Gad. When or how Reuben lost its power and
Csperity we do not know ; the change may have n gradual. On the one hand, Reuben was the ontpost of Israel towards the S.E. deserts, it was exposed to hostile neighbours on both its southern and eastern frontiers, and constantly bore the brunt of the predatory habits of the Bedawtn ; on the other, it was largely isolated from the other tribes geographically, and, according to the ' Blessings,' had alienated their sj-mpatliies. Reuben may have suflered through the weakening
* ' Og,* etc , Is a late gloBs. The last clause of v .10 Is obviously corrupt both In MT and I, XX ; Henr-inger emends ' A prefect- general was appointed over all the prefects.'
t Improbable renderings are : ' And let not his men ' (ItVm), and ' May he not die, or his men become few' (Uillm.), See, further, on this passage, art. Siukom (Tribe).
of the power of Israel in the latter part of the reign of Solomon, and at the time ot the dis- ruption.
The Chronicler (1 Ch 5«- *■•=») associates the Renbenites with Gad and E. Manasseh, as occu- pying E. Palestine, till the two and a half tribes were carried captive by Tiglatli - pileser, and mentions Beerah ben-Baal of the clan Joel as chief of the Renbenites at that time. No doubt a remnant of Reuben remained amongst the Gadites up to this captivity.
Certain indications suggest that other Reubenite clans took refuge in Judali, and becama merged in that tribe. Two of the clans of Reuben as given in P and Chron. bear the same names as two clans of Judah, viz. Ilezron and Carmi,* (in 46^' '•', 1 Ch 4' ; and P also mentions (Jos 15" 18") the stone of Bohan the Reubenite as a landmark on the bound- ary between Judah and Benjamin.
Ezk 48'- " makes provision for Reuben in the restored Israel ; and Reuben is one of the twelve tribes enumerated in Rev 7'. Besides Gad, cf. Moab. W. H. Bennett.
REUEL ('?wjn; LXX 'Pa7onj\). — 1. A son of Esau by Basemath, Gn 30'- '"■ '»• ", 1 Ch 1«- ". 2. Ex 2", Nu 10=» (AV in the latter Raguel). See HoBAB and Jethro. 3. The father of Eliasaph, the prince of Gad, Nu 2'^, called (probably by mistaking i for i) Deuel in 1" 7''--" 10=°. The LXX has everywhere 'Payoir/jX. i. A Benjamite, 1 Ch 9».
REUMAH (iiiiq ; A [B is wanting here] "Pfj/pi, D 'Vetifii). — "The concubine of Nabor, Abraham's brother, Gn 22«.
REVELATION.— See Biblk.
REVELATION, BOOK OF.—
L Introduction.
1. Title.
2. Canoiiicity.
3. History of Interpretation.
IL The Nature of Apocalj-ptical Writings.
L Daniel : (a) occasion and message ; (M anderlying faith; (c) source and authority of the message; ((/) plan of the book.
8, Charaoteriatics of Apocalypses in comparison with Prophecy : (a) situation and message ; (b) dualistic theology ; (c) element of prediction ; (d) j>8cud- onyraous authorship; (e) literary materiiil and form ; (/) literary composition and history ; 0/) ai.>ocal>T>tical dogmas.
8. Inferences as to Methods of Interpretation.
4. Book of Rev. as an Apocalypse : (a) likeness to
Jewish Apocalypses ; (6) unlikeness ; (c) remain- ing questions. 111. Contents and Composition of Revelation. 1. Contents.
5. Plan : (a) introduction ; (6) plan of chs. 1-3 ;
(c) plan of cha. 4-22 ; (d) experiences of the leor, (1) place and movement, (2) heavenly scenes, (8) form of inspirution. S. Sources: {a) Old Testament (chs. 18. 21-22B lia-ao)- (b) Jewish apocalj-ptical tradition (chs. A. ll^-u 12. 13. 17). It. Historical Situation. T. Teachings of Revelation.
1. Predictions : (a) general ; (^) details, (1) fall of Rome, (2) saving of the faithful, (3) fall of Satan, (4) the thousand years. 1. EeligiouB Ideas (Theology) : (a) Ood • (6) Christ's person and work ; (c) the Christian Ufs. rt Relation of Rov. to other HT Books. 1. St. Paul. i. Synoptic Gospels. 8. Gospel and Epistles of St. John. Conclusion.