ROGELIM (u-hp; PwyeXXff^, A in 2 S 17" 'Pu- yeKelfi.). — The native place of Barzillai the Gileadite. ■Phe exact site is unknown ; it probably lay in the north of Gilead (2 S 17" lO*').
ROHGAH (Kcthtbh nm\ corrected by Kerg to njHT ; B om., A '07d).— An Asherite, 1 Ch 1^.
ROIMDS fPAfiMot), 1 Es 5*, corresponds to Rehum, Ezr 2^, or Nehom, Neh V,
ROLL — See Wmtinq,
ROMAMTI-EZER (ijj; •BDph).— A son of Henian, 1 Ch So^-". There is reason to believe that this and five of the names associated with it are really a fragment of a hymn or prayer (see Genealogy,
III. 23 n. : and cf. Kittel in SBOT, and W. K. Smith, OTJC liZrx.).
ROMAN f Pu^aios, esp. Ac le''-""* 22=»-'»23")
Roman citizenship (civitas) might be held in NT times (a) by birth, from two Roman citizens united iajustis nttpiim. There was no conubium, or right of Eomnn marria;;i inless specially granted), ex- cept with a Roman woman. If tiie union were un-Roman (with a Latin woman, a foreigner, a concubine) or unlawful (with a slave, etc. ), it gave no patria potestas, and the children followed the mother's condition. It might also be held (h) by manumission in certain cases, or (c) by grant, either to entire cities or districts, or to individuals in reward of political or other services, as to a soldier on his discharge. Lender Claudius, how- ever, Messalina sold the civitas, and the price gradually fell (Dio, Ix. 9) to a ridiculous figure. The chief captain (Ac 22-') bought it at a high price ; but if St. Paul was hora free, it must have been held at least by his father (Ramsaj', St. Paul, 30 f . ). The franchise of Tarsus (Ac 21^" 'loKOaios, Tap- aeiii) would not imply the civitas as a matter of course.f or Tarsus was an Kris /i6era(Pliny,iVi?'v. 27).
The most practical advantage of the civitas in NT times was that no citizen could be scourged (lex Valeria B.C. 509, lex Porcia of uncertain date) or put to death by any provincial authority without the right of appeal to the emperor. Even the prmf actus prwtorio could not condemn him to (leportatio, and the emperor himself commonly iiad him executed by the sword, reserving the cross, the fire, and the beasts for slaves and other low people. It was illegal when Paul and Silas were scourged at PhUippi (Ac 16^), and when Paul wag to have been examined at Jerusalem by scourging (Ac 22** fiio-Tiiiv dverdfeffeai). In both cases d/co- rd/tpiTos is re incognita (Ramsay, St. Paul, 225), for it would not have been less illegal after condemna- tion. Of the other two scourgings mentioned in 2 Co 11^ nothing further is known.
The right of appeal to the emperor seems to continue neither the old provocatio ad populum, which was limited even in republican times by the quiestiones perpetuce, and had now become obsolete, nor the old intercessio of the tribunes, which was purely negative, and limited by the first milestone from Rome. It seems rather to rest on the general authority of the emperor, under the lex de imperio, to do almost anything he should consider ex usu rcipublicw, etc. The appeal was not granted quite as a matter of course. Festus confers (Ac 25'*) with his assessors before deciding (v.** iKpiva). Once granted, it stopped the case. The governor could not even release the accused (Ac 20"). His only duty Avas to draw up a statement of the case {apostoli, litlerce dimissonce — Festus asks Agrippa's help in doing this) and send him to Caesar. St. Paul is delivered to a centurion, avelp-q^ Sf^offr^i — one of the legionary centurions employed on de- tached service at Rome, and therefore called pere- qrini from the Roman point of view, and by hira \ianded over at Rome to his chief, the orpoiCTcJ- ipxit (Ac 28", but om. WH) or princeps peregrin- orttm (so Mommsen : not the prw/ectus pr(etorio).
The accused might be kept before trial in {a) cu.<!todin publica, the common jail, though a man of hi^h rank was frequently committed to (6) custodia libera as the guest of some citizen who would answer for his appearance. Intermediate was (c) custodia militaris, where one end of a light chain (dXwts) was constantly fastened to his right wrist, the other to the left wrist of a soldier (so St. Paul, Ac 26'* 28=», Eph 6=", 2 Ti !'«). In this case he might eit/ier be kept in strict custody (2 Ti 1", where Onesiphorus needs diligent search to find St. Paul), or allowed to live in his own
KOMAX EMPIRE
ROMAN EMPIRE
293
lodgings and receive in tliem what companv he chose (Ac 2i'^ 28*"). The actual trial was before the emperor (often in person) and his consiliarii; and each count of the indictment was separately examined. 2 Ti 4" seems to say that the prima actio a^'ainst St. Paul had been a failure, though the apostle lias no hope of escape on the second.
A false claim of citizenship was a capital crime (Suet. Claudius, 25).
LlTBRATt'RK,— Moramsen, Rdmisehe Staatsrecht, 1S76-77, and (for pereirrini) Bertitu Akad. SiUuiujiber. 1S9."), p. 5U1 ; Willeraa, DruU puUic Hoinain, \iSi : Kurlowa, Riimtsche ttecJUsijeich- ichte, 1886; W. IL Kamaaj, St. Paul the Traveller, ISUri.
H. M. GWATKIN.
ROMAN EMPIRE (most nearly orhis terrarum, i) oiKovfjJint, Lk 2' ; and its people genus humanum, as Tac. Ann. xv. 44 ' odio humani generis.' Im- perium popvli liomani does not cover the free cities, and Romania seems first found Ath. Iliit. Ar. 35, and Orosius, Hist. e.g. vii. 43). — Augustus left the Empire bounded by the Rhine and the Danube, the Euphrates, the African desert, the Atlantic, and the North Sea. These limits he recommended to his successors, and they were not seriously exceeded till Trajan's time, except that the conquest of Britain was begun by Claudius in 43, and finished as far as it ever was finished at the recall of Agricola in 85. Germany had re- covered its indei)endence in 9 A.D. by the defeat of Varus, and the conquest of Parthia was hardly within the ran^e of practical politics.