of birds and their nests on inaccessible clifl's, cf., for the same figure, Ca 2", Jer 48 [Gr. '28] »* 49 [Gr. 29] '«, Ob», Job 39-^ Dt 32'» [JE] ' He made him to smk honey out of the crag ' (y^y ; || ' oil out of the rock of flint,' c''C|'n nis) has in view the stores of honey that are found in Palestine in the caves and lissures of the dry limestone rocks (cf. Ps 81" ■Hi), and the fact that the olive flourishes even in rocky soil (cf. Job 29" ts, LXX rd 6pri) ; see Driver, Dcui. ad loc. The y^n of J^ !*>, 2 Iv 14', Is 16' 42" (in the tirst two passages with the art. in both MT and LXX) is very frequently taken to be Petra, the rockl)uilt capital of Edom (see art. Sela). But while this might suit the two passages in Isaiah (but see Dillm. ad he), and is very appro- priate to 2 K 14', it appears quite impossible to fit such an identification to the situation of Jg 1". There are strong reasons for taking ' the eliU' in this last passage to be some prominent cliff near the south end of the Dead Sea. perhiips the modern e^-SaJieh (see Buhl, Gesch. d. Edom. 20, and Moore, Judges, ad loc). In Jg (i™ (probably a late inter- polation) ySs, but in v." n!s (and so in 13" of Manoah's sacrifice), is used of the rock on which Gideon oliered his sacrilice ; the Assure of the cliff Etam was one of Samson's places of refuge, Jg 158. 11. i»_ ef 20«- •" 21 '3 the crag KiMMON to which the Benjamites fled, 1 S 13° the crags where the Israelites took refuge from the Philistines, 23* the crag in the Wilderness of Maon to which David fled from Saul [on Sela-hainmahlekoth of v.^ see art. under tliat name], 1 Ch 11'° the rock at Adullam, Is '2-' (|| -ns, and so in w.'"- ") the crags to which men are to flee from before the Loud, Jer IC" the refuge from which the Israelites are to be hunted, 48 [Gr. 31]^ the crags for which Moab is to abandon her cities (cf. 21"). Crags are sjioken of as the haunt of bees Is 7'° (cf. Dt 32'^ above), conies (Hyrax S>/rineu.i) Pr 30-", wild goats Job 39', Ps 104'«, cf.
1 S 24'^ (i!s) ; sepulchres are hewn in rocks. Is 22"; a rock is a type of hardness, Jer 5' 'they have made their faces harder than a rock ' ; precipitation from a rock appears as a form of execution in
2 Ch -25'= {Kpr,)iv6%), cf. (?) Jer 51 [Gr. 28]'», and see art. Hanging in vol. ii. p. 298'' ; the feet set upon a rock typify security, Ps 403|=t, cf. 27° 61*i-» (both •wi) ; crags were splintered by the storm in Elijah's vision, 1 K 19" ; the shadow of a great crag is grateful in a weary land. Is 32- ; clifis are strong places of defence. Is 33'" [for the two crags of 1 S 14* see BozEZ and Senf.h] ; the clefts of the rocks in the wadis were the scene of the sacrifice of children. Is 57° ; in a hole of the rock Jeremiah was to hide his girdle, Jor 13* ; the word of the Lord is comi)ared to a hammer that breaketh a crag in pieces, Jer 23-'« ; in ICzk 24' the blood of Jeru.salem's idolatrous sacrilices is compared to blood shed upon a bare rock [ivl Xeunrerpiav), which does not sink into the earth but continues to cry to heaven for vengeance, cf. the threatening in the following ver.se ; Ezk 20'- '* declare that Tj'ro is to become a bare rock (y^o rjx^, Xeuirfrpfo), there being here a punning allusion to the name of the city (Tyre = Ti = "iis= ' rock ') ; the question 'do horses run upon crags ?' introduces in Am 6'^ a re- proach for conduct of a thoroughly unnatural kind.
S. -H'i is best reproduced by ' rock,' having all the senses (except, 01 course, the geological one) which that word bears in English. lu many instances it is synonymous with y'?y (see the numerous parallel occurrences of the two terms quoted above), but there are some passages where "iix occurs in which y,p could not nave been suitably used, at least by early writers. Besides the occurrences of the word which have been already noted, T» is \ised : of the rock where Moses had a partial vision of the glory of Jahweh, Ex 33"- "
290
EOCK
ROCK
[J] ; of the rocky summit {Kopv</>^ ifiiav) from which Balaam looked down upon the camp of Israel, Nu 23' [JE] ; of the rock OnEB where the Midian- ite prince Oreb was slain, Jg 7^ {Zoip), Is 10-" ; of the rock where Saul's seven sons were ' hanged ' (see Hangino in vol. ii. p. 298'') by the Gibeonites, and where Rizpah kept her ghastly watch, 2 8 21'°; in Job 14" the removing of the rock out of its place is an accomiianinient of the wearing do\vn of a mountain by slow natural forces, whue in 18* the question ' shall the rock (to. tprri) be removed out of its place ? ' is tantamount to ' shall the con- stitution of the world be subverted ? ' ; the custom of cutting inscriptions on rocks, of which so many examples are known, is referred to in Job 19^ ; rocks are the shelter of a class of outcasts. Job 24*, Bee under No. 2, above ; in Pr 30'" the waj' of a serpent over a rock (i.e. its mysterious movements, witliout the aid of feet) is one of the four things which the writer cannot understand ; Jehovah is to be a stone of stumbling (^JJ |;:n) and a rock of offence (Viiyzp nss) to both the houses of Israel ; in Is 5P Abraham is called the rock (see vol. iii. p. TOS"", ' Additional Note ') whence Israel was hewn ; the perennial snow on the rocky summit of Lebanon is mentioned in Jer 18'* ; the rocks are broken asunder (Nowack [emending the text] 'kindled') by the fury of the LORD, when it is poured out like fire, Nah 1'.