LrrRRATURB. — Tn ftddltlon to the reff. in the article, see art. •Teufel' in PRK^ and 'Satan' in Smith's DB; also Dorner, Christliche Glaubeiwlehre, lid. iL pp. 183-217, and the list of literature on p. 189 ; Martensen, Chrintian Dogmatics, pp. 188-203 ; Kaftan, Doftmatik, pp. 348 ff. (much to be commended), 478. On Bcclt^iofttical teaching (which does not come within the Bcope of a Bible Diet.) aee esp. Hamack, Dogmengesch. (Index, ». * Teufel' and ' Damonen ): Iren. adv. Ihrr. v. 1. 1; Origen, c Celsuin, vii, 17 ; Nitzsch, Lehrb. der Erang. Dogm.
§.;$33ff.; Donier, i6. iL p. 197 ff. RespectiDC the Mohammedan octrine (baaed on Jewish), see Hughes, Diet, of Jstam, s.v. * Devil ' (where Mi«hkat i. 3 Is cited). Cf. also art. * Genii,' and on this subject (Jinn) E. W. Lane's elaborate note 21 tx> his Introduction to his translation of the 'Thousand and One (Arabian) Nights.' The Devil was called IblU (im^iXtt) and Sdenti&ed with Satan (as in NT)l There were also Shaititns
(plur.), lust as in Jewish belief. — In Kordn see 2i63f. 3SI (oi Satan ' driven forth by stoninjj,' cf. Palmer's note) 4-*2. 73 53211 7-A) 1242 I42tiff. igji. Satan is constantly called man's * open toa '
OvvKN C. Whitehouse. SATHRABUZANES CZadpafioviavn^), 1 Es &^^■* (LXX-") 7' = Shcthar-Bozenai (cf. Ezr 5^-« 6«-").
SATRAP.— See Lieutenant.
SATYR. — The Heb. original ryi? sdir, plur. on'Viy seirim, is usually tr*" ' he goat,' its primitive meaning. In two passages (Is 13-' 34") it is tr"* in AV and RV ' satyr,^ KVm ' he goat,' LXX in both iai/^ofiarr' demons.' In other two passages (Lv 17', 2Chll") AV renders it 'devils,' RV 'be goats,' RVni 'satyrs,' LXX ^draia = ' foolish things.' Prob- ably in all these passages the intention is to refer to some demon of popular superstition believed to have a goat-like form (cf. art. Demon). The Greek mythology describes the satyr as a creature the upper part of whose body is tliat of a gross, sensu- ous man, the lower that of a goat. He is the ravisher of the wood-nymphs, the drunken com- panion of Bacchus in his revels (Hesiod, fr. ill). The Roman faun is similar, and is represented with horns and pointed ears (cf. Verg. Eel. v. 73; Hor. Ep. II. ii. 125, Ars Poet. '233). Disgustingly realistic statues and paintings of these creatures are to be seen in the Museum at Naples (cf. W. R. Smith, BS^ 113 f.; Bochart, Hieroz. ii. 844, iii, 825). G. E. Post.
SAOL (V(N?», 2ooi5X).— 1. The first king of Israel The son of Kish, he belonged to the small but warlike tribe of Benjamin, witliin which tribe his family had its seat at Gibeah.* During his early years the Philistines had overrun the Southern tribes of Israel, had captured the ark, had de- stroyed Shiloh, and were so thoroughly masters of Judaea that they maintained an outpost in Benjamin (1 S 13'). Yet, though the tribes were humbled and separated, they had not entirely lost the sense of belonging to one race or of havin" a common destiny ; and the oppression of the I'liilis- tines served to make clear to them that, in order to assert these things, a single leader was an indis- pensable necessity. To have discovered the un- Kno^vn Saul, to have recognized his fitness for this task, and to have nerved him for attempting it, is the large service of Samuel, whom every account agrees in connecting with the rise of the new king.
According to one account, the future chief was sent by his father to seek for some straj-ed asses. Baffled in the search, he turned aside to ask Samuel, an inconspicuous seer in the land of Zuph, for information about their fate. Samuel satisfied this anxiety, but roused in the questioner the conviction of a greater destiny. Commanding him in J'"s name to deliver Israel, he confirmed the message by certain signs, the occurrence of which would serve to remove any hesitation in attempt- ing 80 grave a task, and bade Saul then wait at home until his opportunity arrived (1 S 9. lO'"'' '"). The opportunity was not long delayed. Nahasli, a chief of Ammon, besieged Jabesh-gilead, and, when the inhabitants ofl'ered to surrender, would grant no mUder terms than that their right eyes should be put out. So convinced was he of the helpless condition in which Israel lay, that be even allowed them to send messengers asking help from the tribes west of Jordan, for tlius would his glory be increased by the disgrace inflicted on all Israel. Tlie news reached Saul as he was driving his cattle home from the plough. He saw
* Unless Gibeon is confused with Gibeah in 1 Ch S^sf- the clan hod once dwelt in Gibeon. Zela is also mentioned (2 S 21») a4 the burial-place of Kish, and as the Boat burial-place of his son.
SAUL
SAUL
413
in lis own wrath at the insult the indignation of I»raul, and in the inciJcni the very means needed to stir the pride of his people to a strong ell'ort. Slaying the oxen, he sent a species of liery cross through the South, and, with the hastily-levied force whicli obeyed the summons, defeated Nahasli. The grateful peojile at Samuel's bidding brought tlieir newly-found leader to the sacred place at Gilgal, ana solenmly crowned him aa their king before J" (1 S 11, onnt vv."- "• >*>).