LnTRATCRR. — Radau, Early Babylonuzn ffUtftrtf ; Lenor- manl, f:iuda Accafli'-nnft, U. 3, p. 70; Schnider, KAT^ llSlt., AViViiwcAr. u. Qe^cUicktgforgchuiyj , 2^, 533; Weistibach, jiur Lofuitfj der Sumfriscften Fra^f, Lcijizij;, 1897 ; Piiicbes, * Lun- ffua^cs of the Early Inhabitant'^ of .Mesopotamia' in J HAS, 1S84, p. 301 a., 'Sumerian or Cr}n>toi,'raiili.v,' ilt. 1900, p. 7511., iiZ, 344, 651, 652 ; and the works mentioned at the end of the urticles Accad and Babtlonu. X. G. PINCHES.
8HI0N (i^KT' ; B Z^wvi, A Setrfv ; Seon).—A town of l.ss.icliar (.Jos 19") mentioned between Hapha- raim and Anaharath. Eusebiusand Jerome (Oywm.) place it near Mount Tabor, (ts identilication by Eli Smith with 'Ayiin es/i-S/iatn, about 3 miles east of Nazareth, has been verv generally accepted.
' C. W. Wilson.
SHIPHI Ci-C^ ; B Sa^dX, A IZiixlf, Luc. 2u0«i). — A Sinieonite prince, 1 Ch 4" '*"'.
BHIPHMITE.— See Shepham and Siphmoth.
SHIPHRAH (n^c^ ; LXX Zev-pupi, tlie rendering also of .t;d» ZippOrdh, in Ex 2-').— One of the two Hebrew midwives. Ex 1" (E). The name is prob- ably connected with the root tto ' to be beautiful ' (Bacntsch in Nowack's Hdkom.). It is unlikely that it is a HeViraized form of an Egyptian name. See, further, Dillm.-Rys.sel, ad loc.
8H1PHTAN (ipcif*; B Za^aOi, A So/Jofldi-, F 'S,a<paT<iv, Luc. [S]a^a(?d). — An Ephraimite prince, Nu 34".
SHIPS and BOATS (.t)|;, nj-ei? [only Jon 1»], •»;
SHIPS
bOl
KoOs [only Ac 27'"], wXaiov, rXoidpiov, aKiip-q [only Ac 27"'- *"• '-]). — These are often referred to in the Bible, but to a verj' small extent in connexion with Israelitish history. In OT the most im- portant instances connected with this people are the building of the lleet of Solomon at the port of Eziongeber, at the head of the /Elauitic arm of the Red Sea (1 Iv 9-*) ; and another undertaking oi a similar kind in the reign of Jehoshapliat, which had a disastrous result (1 K 22**). In NT we have the voj'ages of St. Paul, especiallj- the last into Italy (Ac 27).* The voyage of Jonah oelongs to another category.
The Pluenicintis were by far the most successful navigators of ancient times ; and the history of the art of shipbuilding amongst Eastern nations can be very clearly followed in connexion with the history of this remarkable people (see Great Sea). Originally settled on the sliores of the Erj'thraian Sea (Persian Gulf),t tliey had become familiar with naWgation in a rude form before their migration to the shores of the Mediterranean about B.C. 1500, and carried with tliem the art of shipbuilding; to tlieir new honie.t Perhaps in both countries this art did not extend beyond the construction of rafts, or canoes hollowed out of trunks of trees (MonoxyUc) ; but as time went on these would give place to lioats, built with a keel, and ribs covered with canvas and daubed with pitch. The models of boats found amongst PIub- nician remains are of a very rude and simple form.§ From a Cyprian model, represented by Count L. di Ccsnola, and believed to be of early Phienician date, the ships appear to have con- siste<l of a hull of wood with a liigli curved stern and an upright bow ; from the centre rose a mast not very high, supjiorting a yard-arm for carrying a sail ; from the stem projected two steering oars with broad shovel-shaped blades passing through the timbers of the ship.|| The use of sails was probably preceded for a long period by tliat of oars. A boat of large size is represented on cer- tain coins, regarded by some as PhnMiician, by others as belonging to Cilicia, in wliich the bow is low, the stern elevated and accompanied by steering oars. It was impelled by one bank of oars, such as was called liy the Greeks a ' tria- contcr' or ' penteconter,' and it was destitute of a mast.lT
About B.C. 700 a great advance seems to have been made in navigation by the Phcenicians, owin" to the introduction of two sets of oarsmen seated on benches at dillerent levels, and using double banks of oars ; these were called by the Greeks ' bireiiies ' ; and, at a later period, a further ad- vance was made by the introduction of a mast and sail, somewhat of the shape of a 'square-sail' of our own times. These ships must have resem- bled the Chinese junks of the present day.
The Phccnician ships dcscribeil by lUcrodotus were of two kinds : those used in war, and those employed in mercantile trallic. The former were broad of beam, and impelled both by oars and sails. The sails were, from their shape, of use only when sailing before the wind. The war ve.ssels were tlioso which the Greeks called tria- contcrs and penteconters, each impelled by fifteen to twenty-live oars on either side. They were long open boats in which the oarsmen sat all on the same level ; each galley was armed at its head witli a sharp metal spike or beak, intended for
* On the Sea of Galilee, in the time of our Lord, small tnding vesuelH and flshing buat8 appear to have been ver>' numerous, and some of the most interesting events in Ills life are con- neoted vdth this lake and the saitora on it« waters (Ml 8^ )AV. 4»i, Lk 6>ii, Jn (l.a SI*").