In NT 'steward' is tr" of iviTponoi in Mt 20* (the steward of the lord of the vineyard), Lk 8* (Herod's steward). This word occurs also in Gal 4' (AV ' tutors,' RV 'guardians') and twice in Apocr., 2 Mac IP 13- (AV ' protector,' RV 'guardian'). Elsewhere in NT it is the tr" of olKovop.oi, which is used both literally and metaphorically, Lk 12^ l(ji.3.B (ti,g eogn. vb. oiKoiio/j.4ui occurs v.-, cf. 2 Mac 3'), 1 Co 41- -, Tit 1', 1 P 4'". In Gal 4- olKoubp.01. is coupled with (Trirpoiroi (see above), and is ti"" in AV 'governors,' RV 'stewards.' The former of these Gr. terms occurs also in Ro IG'^, where RV has 'treasurer' (cf. 1 Es 4'"'), AV 'chamberlain.'
Stewardship (oiKofofiia) in lit. sense occurs in Lk l(jj. 3. 4 (^v and RV), and in metai)horical sense is substituted by RV for AV ' dis|jeiisalion ' in 1 Co 9". So RVm gives 'stewardship' in Eph 3^ Col 1-", 1 Ti 1* w here ' dispensation ' stamls in the text. J. A. SELBIE.
STILL. — 1. As adj.: the general meaning is silent, as Ps 40" 'Be still' (52-i.i, RVm 'Let be,' LXX ffxoXdffore); Ps 83' 'Be not still, O God'; Is 42''' ' I have been still, and refrained myself ; now will I cry ' ; Mk 4*" ' Peace, be still ' lir«j>i/iuao, lit. ' be muzzled '). Cf. Ac 18" Wye. ' Speke and be not stille' [fxit o-iuTr^a-ps). Or it means a low sound, as 1 K I'J'- 'A still small voice' (n??'i S'lp r:;:-\, lit. as RVm ' a sound of gentle stillness,' LXX (pufT) aOpas XeTTTTJs) ; Ps 23- ' He leadclh me beside the still waters' (nra;:p ■="''1', RVm 'waters of rest,' LXX ^iri vSaToi di/aTroi'fff us : the idea is 'waters that refresh,' or 'waters that are resting-places' [Del., Cheyne], not 'softly flowing waters as in Is 8").
From meaning 'silent' the word passes naturally to mean inavlive,, as Jg 18" 'Are ye still? be not slothful to go' ; 1 K'22^ ' Know ye not that Ramoth in Gilcad is ours, and we be still, and take it not out of the hand of the king of Syria?'
2. As .adv.: the idea of persistence is more pro- minent than in modern usage. Cf. Il:ill, Works, ii. 14, 'God u.ses still to goe a way by himselfe' ; Adams, 2 Peter, ]i. 40, ' If the hand be still striking and stabbing, tlicre is a bloody heart'; Shaks. hamlet, II. ii. 42—
' Thou still hast been the outhor o( good tidings.'
So 1 S 26-^ ' Thou shalt both do great things, and also shalt still prevail ' ; 2 S 16' ' He came forth, and cursed still as he came ' ; Ps 84* ' They will be still praising thee'; and Jer '23" 'They say still unto them that despise mo' (RV ' They say con- tinuiilly'). J. Hastings.
STOCKS.— See Cuimes and Punishments, vol
816
STOICS
STOICS
STOICS (SrwiVoO.— When St. Paul at Athens encDuntered the Stoics (Ac 17'*), they regarded liis teaching as an interesting novelty : and so in some respects it was. Jesus and the liesurrection were indeed ' strange gods,' but, for all that, there was more in common between St. Paul and his liearers than either party was perhaps aware of. To begin with, the Jews had a natural aftinity with Stoicism. What nation indeed could stand more in need of the philosophy of endurance than that whose whole history was one long record of perse- cution ? The ' courage never to submit or yield,' which animated Stoicism, was the moral also of the story of the ' seven brethren with their mother' (2 Mac 7). The Jews claimed kindred with the Spart.ans, who were the ideal of Stoicism, and admired the Konians, of whom Stoicism was the ideal (1 Mac 12). But, in the next place. Stoicism, as has been shown by Sir Alexander Grant, was not a genuine product of Hellenic thought, but an importation from the East. ' Its essence,' he says, ' consists in the introduction of the Semitic temperament and a Semitic spirit into Gr. philosophy' (Ethics of Arist. vi.). Not one of the famous Stoic teachers was a native of Greece proper. Zeno, the founder of the school, who nourished about B.C. 278, was a native of Citium in Cyprus, a Greek town in which there was a large infusion of Phoenician settlers (Diog. Laert. vii. § 1). Hence Zeno is sometimes called 'the Pliojnician ' {ib. ii. § 1 14), and his master Crates, the Cynic, used jocularly to address him as ^oivi- kLSiov. His successor, Cleantlies (about B.C. 2(J3), was a native of Assos. The third head of the school, Chrysippus (B.C. 280-207 ; ib. vii. § 184), whose intellectual ability caused him to be re- garded as its second founder, came from Cilicia, either from Soli or from St. Paul's native city. Tarsus. Tarsus, indeed, was a very stronghold of Stoicism. To it belonged Zeno, a disciple of Cliiysippus, who seems himself at one time to have been head of the school (ib. vii. §§ 35, 41, 84). Though Strabo in his account of Tarsus (xiv. p. 674) says nothing of this person, he mentions among the Stoic teachers who had adorned that city, ' Antipater, Arcliedemus, and Nestor, and further, the two Athenodori.' Of tliese Antipater was a disciple of Diogenes of Babylon (Cic. de Off. iii. § 51), one of the three philosophers who were sent on the famous embassy to Rome in B.C. 155 (Aul. Gell. Nort. Att. VI. xiv. 9). He was himself the instructor of Pana'tius of Rhodes (Cic. de Div. i. § 6), who was the friend of the younger Africanus, and the teadier of Posidonius (of Apaniea in Syria), who in his turn numbered Cicero among his hearers. Arcliedemus is men- tioned by Diogenes Laertius (vii. §§ 40, 68, 84) in away that would lead us to think that he followed Chrysippus. Of Nestor the Stoic nothing more is known. Of the two Atlienodori, the earlier, known as Cordylion, died in the liouse of Cato Uticensis ; the later, who was also known as ' the Kananite,' from a village (Kanna) in Cilicia, was the friend and adviser of Augustus. In his old age he was given power to restore civil order in his native city.