LiTSRATCRB.— The chief ancient authorities for a knowledfre of the Stoics are Cicero's philosophical works, especially de l'\nibua, Book iii. ; I>iogeDe8 Laertius, Book vii.; Stobajus, Ect, Kth. pp. Ifi6-184 : PlutArch, de R^iujnantiU StoicU, and de Ptaeitts Fhiiotophwum ; Se.\tu8 Einpiricus, adversus ilathe- maticos. Among modern works may be mentioned Zuller, Stoicn and Kyicureaiis ; Sir Alexander Grant, The Hlhica of AriMotlt, Essay vL; Lightfoot, i'Ai^tjJpiaii-K, Kxcursns on 'St. Paul p.nd Seneca.' ST. (jEOKOE STOCK.
STOMACH.— In modern Eng. 'stomach' is con- fined to its literal meaning o? the receptacle for food in the body. In this sense it occurs in 1 Ti 5^ ' Use a little wine 'or thy stomach's sake' (5ia t6v arbiuixof). But in older Eng. the word was used figuratively, as we u.se ' heart ' or ' spirit,' and expressed either courage or pride.
The transition from the literal to the fi^^ sense was the easier that 'stomach' was freely used for appetite. Thus Fuller, Uoly Slate, 185, 'A rich man told a poore man that he walked to get a stomach for his meat : And I, said the poore man, walk to get meat for my stomach.' The sense of cow rn/;.' ('heart') is seen in Ridley, Iforfc*. ^59, 'Blessed be God, whifh was and is the giver of that and all godly strength and stomach in the time of adversity ' ; and in Coverdale's tr. of Jos 21* ' And sence we herde therof, oure hert hath failed us, nether is there a good stomocke more in eny man, by the reason of youre commyn^e.' Cov. even applies the word to Jehovah in Is 4'2i^ ' The Lorde «hal come forth as a g^-aunte, and take a stomocke to him like a fresh man of warre.' The sense of pride is seen in Knox, Wurhi, iiL 187, ' And ye half a Queue, a woman of a stout stomak, more styfTe in opinioun nor tlexibill to the veritie'; Oolding, Calvin'* Job, bH, ' Therefore when wee come to beare a sermon, let us not carie such a loftie stomocke with us, as to cliecke agaviist God when we be reproved for our sinnes' ; and Fuller, Iloly Warre, 90, ' A man whose 8tom:u:h was as high as his birth.' This is the meaning of the woni in I's 1U17, Pr. Bk, ' a proud look and high stomach,' where Earle quotes in illustra- tion Katharine's character of Wolsev from ilenry VIH. iv. ILSS—
' He was a man Of an tmbounde<l stomach, ever nuking Himself with princes.'
The word occurs lignratively in the sense of courage in 2 Mac 7"' ' Stirring up her womanish thoughts with a manly stomach ' (ip<Tei't dv/jn^i, KV ' witii manly patssion '). J. HASTINGS.
STOMACHER is the EV tr. of S'it?, Ib 3« (only). The dcriviition of tlie Hebrew term is very un- certain. There is no probability in the sujiposition that it represents two words, "n? ' wiiltli ' and ''■) 'mantle,' although the sense thus obtained would yield an etlective contrast with the fol- lowing ?>■ n^jqp : ' instead of a flowing mantle, a girding of sackcloth' (Cheyne, PB, cf. Dillni.- Kittcl, Jes. ad loc). Others think th.'it the antithesis suggests that Vj-nn is a kind of orna- mental girdle (see art. Dkess, vol. i. p. (WS"). The La\ tr. by ;^tTwi' fieffordpcftvpos, Aq. ^uivr] ayaWidaeui, S^-mm. onjdojfcr/iils, Vulg. facia pec- tornlis.
The Kig. word ' stomacher ' was applied to that purt of a woman's dress which covered the breast and the pit of the stomach. It was usually much ornamented, and looked upon as an evidence of wealth. Coverdale translates Is iV ("f the de- graded daughter of Babylon), ' Thou shall bringe
fortli the querne, and grynede i7ioul, put downe thj stomacher, make bare thy knees, and slialt wailu thoiow the water rj'vers.' J. A. Seldie.
STONE.— 1. A fragment of rock of any size from a pebble up to the most massive block. In AV ' stone ' usuallj' stands for px or \i0o^ ; but it also occurs as the tr. of y''= (Ps"l37* 141«, KV 'rock'), of nis (E.\ 4^, AV 'sharp stone,' KV 'flint,' Job 2-2-^), of cin (Job 41*', KV ' potslierd '), of ini- (2 S 17", Am 9^ AVm), of T^rpos (2 Mac I'M'", Jn 1'-), and of ^iriipot (Rev 2"). 'Gravel stones' is for i'yn (La 3'*) ; ' corner stones' for m-ii (I's 144'-) ; 'chief corner stone' for aKpoyuvrnto^ (Epli 2-'", 1 P 2") ; 'a heap of stones ' for nir^a (I'r 26" KV) ; and ' iiewn stone ' for n-u (Ex 20"", 1 K 5" 6* V- "• '-, Is tC", La 3", Ezk 4(»'-, .-Vm 5"). Conversely px appears in EV as ' weight' (Lv 19™, l)t 'Jo'^- '\ 2S 14-^ I'r 11' 16" 20"''^, Mic G", Zee 5") and as 'plummet' (Is 34" KV).
The stones referred to in Scripture may be classified according to their size and the uses to which they were put. Among tlie smaller stones mentioned are 'gravel stones' (La 3'") and 'stones of the brook '(IS n-"", Job 2'2-'). The smoothness of the latter is noted in 1 S 17'"', and the ctiect of water in wearing them is alluded to in Job 14'". Stones in the soil interfered with its fertility, and it was part of the husbandman's work to gather them out. On the other hand, to scatter stones over the fields was one way of devastating an enemj''s country (2 K 3'"- ^). Tlicse are probably the opposite circumstances referred to in Ec 3''. The 'stony ground' (rd TrerpiiSi;, rb jrfrpiiSfs) of Mt hS"--"!! is not soil full of stones, but sh.allow soil with rock near the surface (KV 'rocky'). Stones were convenient missiles for tlie hand (Ex 21'", 2 S IG"- '', Sir 22-^'' '27", 2 Mac 1'" 4", Mk 12^), for the sling ( Jg •20"', 1 S \V- ■■"■ "», 1 Ch 1-2-, 2 Ch '20", Pr 20", Jth 6'-, Sir 47*), or for larger military engines (2 Ch 26'°, 1 Mac 6"). Joseplius (B.I III. vii. 23, V. vi. 3) "ives an account of these engines as used in the sieges of Jotapata and Jerusalem. Stone projectiles roughlj' spherical, and 13 or 14 in. in diameter, have been found at Banids (Merrill, E. of Jordan, p. 524). A stonccast was a rougli measure of dist.-mce (Lk 22'"). Stone- throwing might prove fatal (Nu 35"-'^), and was a common metliod by which death-sentences were executed, and in which popular violence found vent. The verbs Spp, cii,, XtOdi'u, KaraXtOd^oi, \iOo:io\iu, are used to denote this practice. A heap of stones was some- times rai.sed over the bodies of those who were thus put to death (Jos 7^' '-''), or who were other- wise executed (Jos 8-'") or slain (2 S 18"). This is perhaps the fate referred to in Is 11'", La 3". Such Iieaps were also placed over ordinary tombs for pro- tection or to mark the spot (.see IJuniAL, vol. i. p. 333"). The density of stones (Pr '27^) made them convenient for use as weights (see list of passages above) and plummets (Is .'U"), and also for attach- ing toanytliing to be sunk in water, like Jeremiah's book of prophecy (Jer .')l"='),orthe body of a criminal to be executed by drowning (Mt 18"!;). Sharp stones were u.sed as knives (Ex 4*, Mk 5°). In the former case the reference is probably to artificially fash- ioned knives of flint such as have been recently found among the prehistoric remains of Egypt (see Flint, vol. ii. ]>. 1.5 ; Knifi;, vol. iii. p. 8; and Petrie and (^uibell, AagtiacCa and Dallas, pp. .55- 59). Ve.ssel8 of stone are mentioned in Ex 7", Jn 2". In connexion with the former passage, see Wilkinson, Amiint Efi;ipt, ii. 8; Petrie and ^\\'\he\\, Naquada and Iiallas,V- 10. Small stones or ]iebliles wore originally used in voting, and the counters of metfl.1, etc., afterwards emjiloyed were still called ^^r,<pol. (4 Mac 15^, Ac '20'").