It is most unfortunate and confusing that AV uses 'stranger' also to represent na or (thrice, Lv 2-,6. 4S. 47) ^ijg allied term Dv'''^, words whidi would be much more happily rendered 'sojourner.' 'Stranger' might suitably be retained as tr° of both ijj and i; in the few instances where their specific renderings ' foreign(er) ' and ' alien ' hardly suit the idiom or the context. The standing and privileges of the ger (the familiar 'stranger within thy gales') are described fully in art. Ger.
J. A. Selbie.
STRAW (inn teben, in Is 25'° pna mathhen ; &xi'pov, palea). — Tlie Hebrew tcben is the same as the Arabic tibn, which is the straw of wheat and barley cut by the thresliing machine into pieces from i to 2 in. long, and more or less split and torn, and mixed witli eliafl'. It is the universal accompaniment to the i)ruvender of the domestic herbivorous animals. It is usually mixed with barley, and takes the place of hay. It was mixed with clay in the manufacture of unbaked bricks (see Dillm.-Ryssel on Ex 5'). In one passage (Jer 23-'") AV tr. It 'chafl',' RV 'straw' (see ClIAFF). In one (Job 21'») AV and RV tr. it 'stubble.' In all tlie rest (Gn 24='- '*, Ex 5'- '°- "• "• " '"• '», .Ig 19'", 1 K 4'-", Job 41-', Is 11' 05'^) both VSS tr. it 'straw.' As ' straw' in Western languages refers to whole stalks of the cereals, it might be better to adopt the Arab, tibn, a word now well uiider-
• The denom. verb 133 occurs In Hithp. in sense of ' make oneself Btranfjc,' 'act aa a straiiijer' in Gn 427 (of Joseph's attitude to liis hrnthcra) and 1 K 11^ ° (of Jerobuam's wife teinn- ing herself to be a stranger). In Dt a2-'' the words to-iy "?J7i3 (A V ' lest their adversaries should behave themselves strangely ') appear to mean * lest . . . shoulft niJKdeein' (ItV), i.e. fail l<i recognize the truth tlit. 'treat os luri-iyn,* cf. Jer \9*].
624
STREAil
STRIKE, STROKE
stood, and which is Letter tlian 'cut straw,' as it includes tlie cliafl'. There is no reason for the rendering 'stubble' or 'cliafi'.' Whole straw is seldom used for any purpose in the East.
G. E. Post. STREAM.— See Brook and River.
STREET. — In Oriental towns the streets seem to owe their form and direction more to accident than design. The houses are built \\'ith a view to seclusion and comfort within, and with little care as to what is without. Space is precious, so the streets are narrow ; and as no order is enforced in building, they twist and turn among the houses with bewildering effect. They are usually un- paved, and go swiftly to mud in rainy weather. Often, in spite of the industiy of innumerable dogs, the refuse cast out is at once otiensive and dangerous to health. The upper storeys frequently project over the street, leaving only a narrow opening overhead. This utilizes space, and forms a shelter fiom heat In unwalled towns and vil- lages, in obedience to the instinct of defence, the houses are crushed closely together : the openings between them are rather alleys than streets. Schick gives the average width of the streets in Jerusalem as 2-75 m. (ZDPV, 1884, iv. 217); the cTcfuwoi of Josephus (BJ v. viii. 1) would still accurately describe most of them. Where a town is built on a steep slope, as, e.g., in Safed, the roofs of the lower houses sometimes form the street in front of the higher.
Tobit (13") sees the streets of the future Jeru- salem ' paved with beryl, and carbuncle, and stones of Ophir ' (cf. Rev 21-'). Herod the Great laid a main street in Antioch with ' polished stone' (Jos. Ant. XVI. v. 3). This is the first mention of actual pavement. Ag^'ippa ll. con- sented to the paving of Jerusalem with white stone (,ib. XX. ix. 7). The two spacious thorough- fares characteristic of Syro-Greek and Syro-Roman cities, which cut through the city at right angles, were commonly paved with stone. Their remains can be traced in Bozrah, Damascus, etc.; but by far the finest example is found at Shuhba, on the north - western shoulder of Jebel Haurin. In some cases the central roadway was separated from the passage for foot passengers on either side by a stately colonnade. The imposing effect of this arrangement may still be seen among the ruins of Jerash.
Men of the same trade are usually found in one street. In Jer 37-' we read of the ' bakers' street.' Josephus (BJ V. viii. I) says Titus entered through the second wall ' at the place where are the mer- chants of wool, the braziers and the market for cloth.' So in Cairo and Damascus, for instance, we have the bazaars of the braziers, the silver- smiths, the saddlers, etc. The goods are exposed for sale in little shops whose fronts are entirely open. The bazaars are frequently roofed with glass. As strictly business streets, they are shut at sunset, and closely guarded.
pn, 'what is without,' is the Heb. word which properly corresjionds to strct : aiiri is unhappily often so rendered, esp. in AV (less often in KV), but it really means broad or open place (cf. Driver on Am 5" or Dn 9^). For pn L\X gives 6S6s (Is 5=» etc.), l^oSos (2S 1» etc.), SioSos (Is 1^), r^areta (Ps IS" ete.) ; for pn-j^-Vs; (Job 18''), ^iri Trpiauroi' i^uripuj, where the sense is obviously ' on the face of the earth' (Davidson, Job, ad loc). In each case AV and KV render 'street.' This is right when the reference is to the outside of the house. The context determines the meaning. In Ps 144" RV gives correctly 'in our fields.' a'lrri is repre- sented in LXX by AJAs (Is 59"), SloSot (Dt 13'«), firai/Xit (Ps 144'*) ; but the usual equivalent is