' Surely ' is also the translation of certain Hebrew and Greek adverbs and other expressions some of which are very forcible. Thus (1) dA»w,*Gn28i» 'surely the Lord is in this place'; Ex '2'* ' surely
• A rather leas emphatic particle is 'ot, the force of which ta well B«n in Pb S9»- S ", esTi" KV. In Ps 62 this word _is tr. five times ' only ' (both A V and RV), once surely ; cf. Pe < 3».
Surety occurs in the phrase ' of a surety,' Gn IS" lois 06' Ac 12" (dXjjflus, RV 'of a truth ). i.-t. IS ^6'' Gov. 'David . . . sent out spyes, and knewe of a suertie, that he was come in deede. Elsewhere the word means ' security in the legal sense ; cf. Paraph, in Verse, 58^—
• He who for men their surety stood."
Suretiship occurs only in Pr IP' ' He that hateth suretiship is sure' (Heb. as AVm and RVm 'those that strike hands'; see Strike) §«« CpT. Pledge. '^- Hastings.
SURGERY.— See Medicine, vol. iii. p. 333.
SUSA.— See ShcshaN.
SUSANNA (2ouffo..4).-i. Text and Versions. —The history of Susanna forms a part ot tne UK. of Daniel in the Greek Bible and in those versions which are taken from the Greek In Gr. MSS. and also in the Old Latin and Arabic, it stands before Dn 1 ; but in the Latin Vulgate it stands as Dn 13. Swete prints it as a, separate worK ^ter Daniel. The tXX is the oldest extant text but there may have been a Seraitic origmaL It so, it is antecedently probable tliat it would be m Aramaic, not Hebrew. Hebrew was the language of legal discussions, hymns, an<l prayers. Ajamaio was the language of such anecdotes and histones as circulates freely among the l^ople. The LV\ of the History of Susanna, as indeed of the « hole of the Gr. Daniel, was lost for niany centunes, because of the preference of the Church or the textof Theodoti'on. The LXX of Susanna is, even now extant only in Cod. Chisianus, otherwise known as 87, a Cursive ofthe 9th cent. Theod. for the most part transcribed the LXX literally, but in several instances he made additions and alterations meant to relieve improbabUities, or to supply details which seemed to n.ake the n-IJ^rative mire smooth and intelligible. The Latin Vulg, « r accurate rendering of Theodot.on In Syrmc Versions, our ' History ' is exceptionally ncli. ^v a have (1) the Syro - Hexaplar, which is a close translation of the LXX ; (2) the Peshitte, which u
SUSANNA
SUSANNA
631
(riven in Walton's Polyglott. Ceriums Codex Am- troskinus, and in LajJiarde's Lihri VT Apocr Syriare, and designated \\ , ; (3) and (4) from v." onwards Lagarde gives two other Syriac recensions both dillering in many respects from each other and from W„ ami known as L, and L, ; (5) tliero is a icrnarkable V.S L'iven by Walton, tlie so-called llarklt-nsian VS, known as W j.
ii. The Stoky.— We intend first to give the story in those features which are common to all our sources, and then to specify the important additions or alterations made in each. In the early days of the captivity in Babylon, there was a woman named Susanna, very beautiful, very pious, the daughter of a priest. Her husband Joakim was very wealthy and honourable. He had a park adjoining his mansion, and his fellow- e.xiles were always welcome to both (vv. ). There were two elders in Babylon, who were also judges, and were held in high repute ; but both so far for-ot (iod and the judgments He has pro- nounced against adultery (v.") as to foster impure desires towards Susanna. Neither dared divulge his secret to the other; but one day they met in the park unexpectedly and agreed to coerce her ; but she strenuously refused to listen to them, sayin" that she would rather die than sin against God (vv. '"•■•"). Shortly afterwards, the elders sum- moned Susjinna before the assembly of the Jews, and laid against her the false charge that they both saw lier lying with a young man in the park, who, however, tied when they came near. Susanna protested her innocence, but the people felt obliged to believe two such honourable w itnesses, and con- demned her to death (vv.-* «). As they were leav- ing the judgment-hall, Daniel, tlien a very young man, met thciu, and undertook to prove Susanna s innocence. He insisted on cross-questioning the witnesses apnit, and put the same question to each : Under what kind of tree did the adultery occur? Eacli gave the name of a diflerent tree (yy 45-W). The people being thus convinced of the falsity of the charge, praised God, applauded Daniel, and put to death the false accusers
(y KW.l
This is, In the main, the story as it appears in the LX\. ThecKi. aJdH many (lct.iil3. It is prolial.le lliat vv.i-* originaled in Thewl and w.-rc transferref) ir'\m hini lu-rhnltm to our solitary co<lcx ot the LXX ; because LXX in v.' introduces Susanna, as thoUL'h she had not been mentioned before. LXX simply states that the elders saw her wallting in the park one ev-ening, ana they t)oth came thither early next morning ; but Theod. adds that the house of Joakim was used everj- morninB as a court of iustire, and, alter the people had been dismissed, Susanna walked daily in the park, and both the elders became enamoured ot her One day they both lingered when the court closed; and after they had separatoil. saying it was dinner hour, tlie.v both came back, and confessed their lust. Theod. and the VsS Ukcn from it then insert a j)art altogether lacking m L.VX, how the elders wat.:lied her go into the park and concealed tbeui- selves among the trees, sunnising that she \ya.s going to hallic. When Susanna sent her maids f<>r oil and cosmetics (W, soap) the eld.rs rushed on her, tempted licr to adultery,and threatened t-. testily that she had sent her maids away, so as Ix) have inter- course »-ith a young man. When the maids came hack and heard this ac'u^ution from the elders, they were "ttor y a»hamed Further, while LXX slates that the trial was held 111 the synagogue, Theod. says it was held in the house and presence of Joakim. lie omits from LXX that GOO of Susanna » relatives and friends came to the trial ; and he puts Siisannai iTntesUtions tiefore the charge; LXX after. Theod. says the young man escaped because he was stronger than the elders. 1.1 LXX the elders did not recognize him because he vm masked. LXX introduces an angel as insiuring Hanicl with wisdom at the moment when Susanna was being lid to death. This Theod. omits ; but he adds to the LXX that Daniel said aloud, 'Turn back to the tribunal' ; and that Daniel wnamyited to an elder's chair. Theod. omit« most of y." "i LXX where l>anielsays, 'Do not suppose ciders cannot he." LXX puts (ico (luestions to the w-icked elders : ' Under what tree? and In what part of the garden f The punishment in LXX is : they threw them down the precipice'; in Theod. ' they slew them. LXX only savs : ' And the angel of the Lord ca-st fire through the midst of them,' and it alone adds a eulogy on young men meant 'o secure for them larger influence in luiblic aflairs.