Tema is now Teimd, a well-known place in ^. Arabia! about 40 miles S. of Du^ructd-JenM (Dumah), and on an old route from the Gulf of •Sail to the Persian Gulf. The ancient city was enclosed by a stone waU about 3_mUes in circuit, rndt°iere are still remains of this and of some great mde stone buildings. Teimd is described as 'a taKnd of palms enclosed by ong clay orchard walls fortified with high towers.' The houses are l*w build ngs of mud or clay (Doughty, Travds ^ ^5) The Aramaic inscriptions discovered by Eutin- at Teima prove it toTiave been the seat of an un?ient civilization (see Sitzungsber. dcr Bcrl Ahld der Wissensch., 1884, P- .813ff. : and cf Studki BM. i.). The LXX re.admg, followed by EuseSufand Jerome (0»om.), apparently connects Tema with Teman. LiTi!aiT™ii.-DUlmann co »e paasagM above cited In
TEMAH (n-r : AV Tamah is due to the occur- rence of the word in pausal form ""~,1- — i''« eponym of a family of Nethinira Ezr 2" BA Qe^, Luc. eeMad) = Iseh 7" (B 'HMa9, A Qy,fio., Luc. ee/iad).
TEMAN (i=-B 'on the right,' 'south'; Qm^'X Theman).-A district, and perhaps also a town, which received its name from, or gave it to, a grandson of Esau, who was one of the dukes ^f Edom (Gn 36"•"•^^ 1 Ch 1^; =»)- Teman was one of the most important districts in Edom. From it ('the land of the Temanites,' Gn 3b-;^-») came one of the early kings of Edom ; and it is sometimes used poetically for Edom. The name is apparently used in its wider sense for Edom in Am 1" (cf Am 2*-», where the country and its chief to^vn are connected) ; in Ob»(cf. '.the mighty men of Edom' in Jer 49--) ; in the poetical parallel ( Ter 49=") where the inhabitants of Teman are those of Edom ; in Hab 3', ^yhere Teman stands for Edom, as Seir does in Dt 33^ ; and m Bar 3- ^. In its narrower sense the name occurs in Un rfb • , Job "" 4' 15' 22' 42», Ezk 25l^ and perhaps also in Jer 49' The Temanites were pre-eminent for their wisdom (Jer., Ob., Bar., as quoted above) ; and it was fitting that Eliphaz one of the wise men of Teman, should be the chief of the three friends of Job. , ,
The name of Teman has not been recovered, and its position is uncertain. A distoct m the N. of Edom seems to be implied in Ezk 25'' from Teman even unto Dedan,' and in Am l" it is mentioned with Bozrah {el-Buseireh) ; but on the Sher hand, it is connected mth the Red Sea i.n T„r 4920.21 Eusebius states (Onom.) that, m ins day, Teman was a town 15 (Jerome 5) Roman miles from Petra, and a Roman post; but he does not give the direction. No trace of this place has been found, but it was probably on the road from Elath to Bozrah.
LiTERATORK.-Dillmann on Gn 36" and Job 2" ;...Dnver on ii Iia- Wetotein, ZUdir.f. aUgem. Erdkwide, xviu. 52 f.
• c. W. Wilson.
TEMENI ('lo-B, Baer "ja-p [cf. Kittel, SBOT. 'Chronicles,' p.' 52] ; BA Ga.Mci"', Luc. eoLi^a^ei).- The ' son ' of Ashhur, 1 Ch 4«.
TEMPERANCE.— The Eng. word 'temperance* ocJ^s L Sci^ture only in Ihe NT ; but the idea of temperance, i.e. self-control, pervades the Ui asweU as the Scriptures of the Christian period, and the duty of realizing it is strongly if'^ted on throughout the Bible. The legal regulations about clean and unclean foods required sell- restraint 'n the matter of diet. The Wisdom literature dealing especially with practica conduct is explicit and urgent on the duty of self-coatrol. This is prominent in the Bk. of Proverbs, as in the sayings concerning ea<in^-' W hen thou sittest to eat with a ruler, consider diligently w-hat or w^ho) is bJfore thee ; and put a knife to thy throat, if thou be a man 'given to appetite' (Pr 23'- ») ; vruve- drinking-' Look not upon the wine when it is red ' etc (v ") ; licentiousness— the laws against adultery, the frequent warnings in Prov. against ■ the strange woman ' ; anger-' He that is slow to anger is better than the mighty; and he t^^^at ruleth his spirit than he that taketh a city (1(? ) j ,-ei,<;«7e-'llejoice not when thme enem.v fal leth ,p 0417). and elsewhere greed 0/ wealth— 1 liou Shalt not covet- (Ex 20") ; ' Woe unto them that join house to house,' etc. (Is 5'). A spc"hc seli- restraintwaa put upon the Nazintes (see NAzra- ITE) and a similar self -restramt was practised by the Rechabites (see Rechabites); and certain forms of abstinence were required by the Law in all tlie Jews, as at fasts (see Fasting), and pre
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vious to solemn religious services (Ex 19"). The relijjious life of the OT saint was not ascetic, but it was simple and free from the excesses of jiagan- ism. Wliile the lBri\elite was encouraged to leceive the gifts of tiod with thankfulness, and to use them without fear of any Nemesis on his prosperity, he was not to plunjje into reckless self- indulgence. Solomon's lu.xunous living is not Israelite, but a result of the importation of foreign manners. Eaal- worship was denounced for its licentiousness as well iis for its idolatry, and tlie unfaitlilulness to Jehovah it involved on the part of the Israelites. The prophets repeatedly de- nounce the luxurious living of the wealthy, and the growth of self-indulgence generally, as foreign to the rigour of righteousness, and certain to bring ruin on a nation (e.g. Am 4' d'"*, Is S"""* 5"- '■').