m>.u Ct mplrit HoLt tivrimt ir'ip T«rr*< 'Iffoeir.k. And a few lines later, ivXpynrirxj rir 'iffpxr,\ . . , in I* KuTv f£iAif«r0 KCpiae fi^xriXUuf wtLi,rn rcZ kaiu (K). But the reference becomes still clearer in Levi g^^-^l i t/m'to; iwiMX^r,firnt mCru ittUM. ut'vor, arj
fi^rtXtui ir TM (Arm. Qr. MSS give \m T«i; wrongly) '\»C^* mtxrr^-
nrmif mmi wttfiru Ufixrtiui liar, k«ts rit nm rSt ilfvwr, lit w»frm
•So also Bouaset on the whole (op. ciL 189 (f.) In lOOa The present writer had dmwn attention to this fact In his Eichato- logy, llehrrw, Jrwith, and ChrUlian, 1S90, and to the early •lenienU In the Testaments in Eikijc DiUica, L 237-241.
t Another reference to the warrior priests occurs In 81m. 6>t
■«' i* Anfi ikiiKi,ffov*i$ j» ^cfx^mi^ (tA> *v di/**>»Tau v^M All//, trt W»i.ttI4f Kv>>.M/ voAi^tirii.
vk Wtij.* These clauses point clearly to the civil and priestly functions of the Maccabees subsequent to B.G 163, and a few lines further on the attribution of prophetic powers to this family (n 3i mpour.et aii-Tou etystirr^-rf,, u; Tpo^v,rr.t u-^irrcu (OJ) ctKibles us to identify the verj- member of this dynasty to whom our author alludes. This was John Hyrcanus.t'who. accoiding to Josephus (BJ I, iL 4 ; Ajit. xiiL x. 7), combined in his own person the threefold offices of prophet, priest, and king fv«« ytZi T« Kfix7irrtCt»T» f^otot Cx** ^.> ti ipx^'' ^^'^ tH*6Lit x^xi rr*
«^x"^*''rvwj» ««» T/>ecrT<v»»). This limits the date of the work to RC l:J5-105. To the above period belongs the eschatology of the Messianic hymn in Dan 6'-^^-*, according to the best textual authorities, \vith the exception of such an expression as "ret; ^iixxt T«» iy.v9 KctXi^.i us ixuTov (so Arm.) in Dan &28, and of one or two phrases. I Tlie same is true of the Messianic hjTnn in Jud- 24 and the account of the resurrection in Ju<L 25.
Unhappily, the second Apocalypse in Jos. 19 is too hopelessly corrupt, even in the Annenian,} to arrive at any definite chrono- log>'. Finally, in Napht 5^*-^^ the successive nations are men- tioned that brought Israel into bondage ; the last of these is the Sj^rians : 'Arrupi*i, Mr.ioi, Tl-prant 'EijfjLeutt. riAa;^zr«f, XceAdalOi, ^uppi, Ky^poiifjLY.rourio Iv dei;)^/McAAir''a Tot iitaix» rxiiir-rpu
TflS ' Iftacrk. Thus the passage was written prior to the domina- tion of Rome, Ce. before aa 63.
Tlie book, therefore, so far as we have considered it, was written between B.C. 135 and 63. Since, however, no reason has appeared for bringing the terminus ad quern later than B.C. 103, the work may safely be assigned to the years B.C. 135-103.|| It would thus form a sequel to Eth. Enoch 83-flO, whieli was written before B.C. 161. It reproduces some of its pliraseology in Jos. 19.
But certain passages, to which we have already referred, belong, like Eth. Enoch 91-104, and the Psalms of Solomon, to a later date. In these the filaccab.-e.in king-priests are the object of the fiercest invective, Tliese attacks are made in Levi lOi*- 1^, where, as in Ps-Sol 2. 4. 8, the priests are charged with destroy, ing the Law and teaching false doctrine (ct Eth, En. 942), with seducing Israel (cf. Eth. En 945 10410), with profaning the temple, with coniniitting fornication, and marrjing the daughters of the Gentiles. Again, in Jud. 23, Judah is charged with every kind of abomination and idolatry (cf. Eth- En 997-*'X But the notes of time are still more manifest in Jud. 221-*, which speaks of internal divisions and civil wars and the overthrow of the Maccabayin dynasty by aliens (itcc^u ii tK.Cvo7t Ittctpirtit x»r' iAAi^Aarv xai iriXifiM fvnxt7e la-etreti if'lffpa.r,X, fMi i* a.kXo^Ckete rv¥Tt>.iffQr.rt'riu ^ fiecfftXtm a:i>ra»f (Arm, Gr. tMu\\ The aliens may be taken to be the Romans or the Herodian dynasty (which was of Idnmajan origin) In Zeb. 94- 7f. the civil strife between Aristobulus 11. and Ilyrcanus 11. is clearly depicte<I : M^ rx'^i^'^'n
tit Ju# mfaXaf ... 'Ef i^araif nt^tpcttt . . . iixtplOririfftlt it 'Itr^atiA,
««i iito iSowtXiti^it i{xx«Ao(/0rriTL Since the writer in the last
Eassage says that this civil war will be f» iff^urxif Ku.ipxt{ (cf. evi 10, i-rJ ffv»-iXii'» rim aiuyur ; also Levi 14), It follows that the composition of Levi 10. 14-16, Jud. 22. 23, Dan 515-23, Zcb. 9, cannot be of a much later date, and may be reasonably assigned to the years B.G 60-40. It is more diillcult to detenuine the date of Jud. 2L This chapter stands by itself in atta(^king the monarchy and in upliolding the priesthood. Bousset (op. eit. 192) assigns it to the time of ilyrcanus IL
iv. Language. — The time of composition in itself determines this question in the main. The various writers of tlie work belonged in all cases to the ranks of the IIASID.EANS, who maintained tlie doctrines afterwards upheld by the I'harisocs. The original, we therefore presume, was written in Semitic, and, in all probability, in Hebrew. The present writer ha.s elsewhere pointed out {Enei/c. BiWira, i. 2.39-241) that (1) Hebrew constructions and expressions are frequent, (2) that parono- masia which are lost in the Greek can frequently
* This kingly high priest is the theme also ot Levi 18^^ —
T6TI lylpti Kb^itfC iipim xctd»Of, Q »a*TW tiXoyot Kupiov itiroxct>.vsOKtrt*rou. KatJ <xuT«r rtirrli mpiffm a.\Y,tiLeLt tvi vya y^t it wXr.Bu ii/MtSt, KotJ afartkit mrrpci aiiraZ it tupayai ait /Sstf-iAlAif (P Ann. ),