In B.C. 737 there was another campaign in the east, the Medes and other neighbouring tribes being overrun, and in 736 war again broke out with Ararat. In B.C. 735 Ararat itself was in- vaded, and, though the capital Dhuspas (now Van) resisted capture, the country round it was ravaged to the extent of 450 miles. Next year (B.C. 734) Tiglath-pileser was summoned to the help of Aliaz of Judah, called Jchoahaz in the cuneiform texts, who had been attacked by Pekah of Israel and Kuzin of Damascus. Kezin was defeated in a decisive battle, and fled to his capital, which was thereupon closely invested by the Assyrians. With another portion of his army T. now ravaged 16 districts of Syria, captured Sumahla (the modern Zinjerii), and descended on tlie kingdom of Samaria. Gilcad and Abel-[Betli-Maacah] were annexeil to Assjria (2 K 15^) ; tribute was received from Amnion and Moab ; the Philistine cities, Ekron, Ashdod, and Ashkelon, were conquered, and Gaza was plundered. Edom was also compelled to submit as well as Samsi, queen of the Arabs of Saba or Sheba. Various cities of N. Arabia, in- cluding Tenia (now Teiina), were taken at the same time. In B.C. 732 Damascus fell at last, Kezin was put to death, and an Assyr. -satrap .appointed in his place. After the capture of Damascus, T. held a court there, which was attended by the subject princes, Kusta.spi of Comagenfi, Urikki of i;^u6, Sibittib.ojil of Gebal, Eiiiel of Hamath, I'anammft of Samahla, Tarkhu-lara of Gurgum, Suluval of Milid (Malutiijch), Uas-survi of Tubal, Uskhitti of Tuna, Urpalla of Tukhana, Tu- khamiiiu of Istunda, Matan-bjuil of Arvad, Sanibu of Amnion, Solomon (Salamanu)of Moab, Metintiof Ashkelon, Jehoahaz (Yalui-khazi) of Judah, ^Caus- inalaka of Edom, and Klianun (Hanno) of Gaza. It was while he was at Damascus that Ahaz saw the altar of which he sent the jiattem to Jerusalem (2 K 16'""). Soon afterwards Uas-survi of Tubal revolted : for this the people were lined, and a new king established over them. Metennaof Tyre was also forceil to become tributary to Assyria, and to pay 150 talents of gold to the Assyrian exclic(|uer.
About B.C. 730 (or perhaps 733) Pekah of Samaria was murdered bj' Hoshea, whom T. claims to have appointed to the throne. In B.C. 731 the Assyr. king marched into Babylonia, and received an embassy from Meiodach-baladan, the Kald.l prince who ruled in the marshes at the mouths of the Tigris and Eujihiatcs. Bnt it was not until U.C. 728 that he succeeded in occupying Babylon and receiving the crown from the hands of Bel, thereby making his title to the throne legitimate, and becoming king of Western Asia de jure. In the following year, B.C. 727, in the e.arly part of the month Tebct, ho dicil. He had built two palaces — one at Nineveh, the other at Calah (now ^imrud). A. H. Sayck.
TIGRIS. — See Hiddkkel. The Tigris riset s little south of Lake Uiiljik, and flows south
762
TIKVAH
TIME
ward to Diarbekr. After passing Diarbekr, it receives the eastern Tigris (which rises in the Niphates mountains) at Osraan Kieui. Then it flows througli narrow gorges into the plateau of Mesopotamia, wliore it receives from the east the Greater and Lesser Zab, the Adhcm or Kadanu, and the Diyaleh or Tornadotus. On the E. bank, opposite Mosul, were Nineveh and Calali, a little N. of the juncticm of the Ti'Tis and Greater Zab; and on the W. bank, N. of the Lesser Zab, was Assur (now Kalah Sherghat), the primitive capital of Assyria. The Tigris is about 1150 miles in length, and rises rapidlj' in March and April owing to the melting of the snows, falling again after the middle of May. A. H. Sayce.
TIKVAH (niija).— 1. The father-in-law of HuLDAH the prophetess, 2 K 22" (B OeKKouai), A OcKKoui, Luc. SeKovi), called in 2 Ch 34- Tokhath (Kere nnpij, Kcth. nnpin ; B Ka9ovd\, A ©a/coi;d9, Luc. QeKui). 2. The father of Jaiizeiah, a eontemporarv of Ezra, Ezr 10'= (B 'EUeii, A eeKov4), called in 1 Es 9" Thocanus.
TILE, TILING (133^, k^/wmos)-— In Ezk 4' 'tile' is tlie rendering of nj3,, which is elsewhere tr. ' brick ' (LXX ttXMos). See Brick.
In Lk 5", in the account of the healing of the para- lytic at Capernaum, the sufferer is said to have been let down Sia rCiv Kepafiuv (AV ' through the tiling,' RV 'through the tiles'). The parallel passage (Mk 2') is more detailed in its expressions (6.Tre(rTiya(rai' TT^v ar4yriv . . . Kal i^opv^avres), and a dithculty has been felt in reconciling these with Luke's phrase. The roofs of Oriental houses are usually forme<l by laying tree trunks with the branches and twigs from wall to wall. Above these is a layer of earth about a foot thick, and over this is spread a paste of clay and straw, which hardens in the sun and renders the roof impervious to rain. This upper layer needs to be renewed at the beginning of the winter season (Nowack, Heb. Arch. i. 140 ; Benzinger, Hcb. Arch. 116). Mark's account seems to suggest the breaking-up of such a roof as this, while Luke's expression does not, and various explanations of the latter have been attempted. The idea of a door or trap in the roof does not fit either nan-a- tive. It has been suggested that SA rCiv Kepdiiuv is to be understood in the general sense of 'through the roof,' though, if taken literally, the words wovSd be more applicable to Greek and Roman houses than to those of Palestine. Another explanation is that the court of the house was partly roofed over but had an opening above the centre, which was covered in wet weather by tUes, which could be easily removed (so Godet, following Delitzsch, Ein Tag in Cnpernaum, 44-46). The best view, however, is that of Tristram (Eastern Customs in Bible Lands, 34, 35), who states that ordinary Galitean houses of tlie present day have a court separated from the street by a wall on one side, while on the other three sides it is surrounded by apartments opening into it. The roofs of these apartments are always of earth and lime, firmly pressed down and whitewashed. 'J'hc roof may be supported by pillars on the side next the court, from which the rooms may be sei)arated only by movable curtains. From the roof proper, how ever, eaves stretch over the court for six feet or more. These are supported on light rafters, and are covered with matting or with shingles (wooden tiles) lightly tacked to^etlier. The principal apartment is on the side of the court away from the street. In the case before us both this and the court itself would be full of people, and Jesus, in order to be heard l)y all, would be standin" at the outer margin of the room. Access could De gained to the roof hy an outside stairway, and if the covering of the eaves