1 for 1 '55 verses in the Past. Epp. ;
1 „ 3-66 „ „ 2 Cor. ;
1 „ 5-53 „ „ 1 Cor. ; hence the dift'erence between 2 Cor. and 1 Cor. is as great as that between the Past. Epp. and 2 Cor. (Kblling ap. Weiss, p. 51). Within the Pastorals 72 words are found in 1 Tim. only, 44 in 2 Tim. only, 26 in Titus ; 10 are peculiar to 1 Tim. and Titus ; 8 to 1 and 2 Tim. ; 3 to 2 'Tim. and Titus. (j0A(/ios, (vai^ua, Sii^oKoi as adjective, are common to the tliree, and they all have some word cognate to (TuKppuiv, and the phrases Tnariis 6 X670S, iiriyvuns d\7}$€ias, Tj iryiaivovaa SiSatr^aXia, 6 vvv alun'. There is no word which is of clearly later date : many of the dillerences arise from ditl'erence of subject, esp. in 2'"' 5'"'^ where they are most frequent ; some occur in phrases which seem to be quotations (see above). Many are words common in the Greek of the Apocrj'pha (cf. the instances from 2 Mac. in Camb. Gr. 'Test. p. xxxix). Some few are Latinisms (x"/'"' ^X"" ^'rpi>cpi^la), due perhaps to residence in Rome ; others are medical metaphors (iTiaixeii-, foddf), due perli.aps to intimacy with St. Luke; while it is difficult to estimate how far the mere wording of a letter was due to the amanuensis employed. [Tlie question of the vocabulary is carefully treated in Findlay's Appendix to Sabatier, The Apostle Paul].
(0) But many of the phrases seem technical and stereotyped: 'IrjaoiJs 7) Airls ijiJ.u>i' (1'; notice the advance on Col 1-'), i) vapayyeMa (1'), ^ iiyiaivovaa SiOaaKoKla {V), Truxrds i \6yos {V etc.), ttjv KoXi;» aTpaTilav, tt)i> Trlariv (1"), A auiTrip 7)p.wv Seis (2'), t6 impTvpiov KatpoU ISlois (2"), i] TfKvofovia (?) (2'°), to li.iaTT)pLOi> T^s iriffTeois (3"), t6 rrit euffe/Sflas fnVTi'jpioii (3"^), 71 KaXT) aiSoff/caXio (4'*), i] SidaanaMa (6'), ij (iitpyeala (?) (6"), i) ivroXij {&*), i) vapaBiiKri (6'-") ; there is an articiilated fixity about them which seems to mark a late date, and to be unlike the freshness of the earlier style. This, again, Ls true ; but the date on any hypothesis is later, the diction is that of ' the old man ' less ' eloquent,' and he is writing to an intimate companion, so tliat his language may naturallj have somewhat of an esoteric stamp.
TIMOTHY, FIEST EPISTLE TO
TIMOTHY, FIRST EPISTLE TO 773
(3) The tone of the religious life implied shows a similar development. It is in all essentials Pauline ; for it consists of life eternal, won bv Christ's death, which has brought salvation to all mankind ; and this life must show itself by a high Christian morality, and be ready to lace the appearance of Jesus Christ. But there is more stress on the value of law ; on the need of good works, or attractive works, icaXi f/j-yo (4 times in 1 Tim., Sin Tit., elsewhere not in St. Paul); religion is described as el/ti^cta (8 times in 1 Tim., once in 2 Tim. and Tit., not elsewhere) or dcoai^na. (1 Ti 2'° onlj') ; the favourite qualities are those of a sober, orderly loyalty. Yet each point could be illustrated from St. Paul (1 Co 6-, Ro 3»' V-, Gal 1» 5"- -• =», Eph 2'»), and there is a nnifurm tendency in the earlier Epistles to pass onward from the strain of the first conversion to the quiet ordered after-life, and to bring every sphere of human relationship under the control of Cliri tian discipline (cf. \V. Lock, St. Paul, the Master Builder, ch. 4).
(4) So, too, with regard to Church organization. There are more details of it, and more stress upon it ; yet the details can be paralleled elsewhere : cf. Ac I4-' 21", Ja S" (irpecr^iVepo.), Ac 20-«, Ph 1' {iTrtffKoiroi), Ph 1' (Jid/covoi), Ro 16' (deaconess), Ac 6' 9", 1 Co 7 (x'opol')- St. Paul organized some ministry from the first (1 Th S"*, 1 Co 12=8) . jjig influence from the first had been used to check the irregular utterances of the spirit and to lay greater stress on the ordered ministry (1 Co 12-14) ; and the further stress upon it is natural with the lapse of time bringing new developments of false teach- ing and the prospect of his own death.
The prominence of prophecy, the uncertainty about the exact status of Timothy, about tlie presence of a monarchical episcopate, about the aistinction between ^rriir/toTros and Trpax^irepo^, tlie need 3f regulation of public speaking by women, all favour a date considerably earlier than the Ignatian letters.
Certainly the letter gives the impression of a Church well established ; the functions of the various ministers are implied as already fixed, the iTTiuKOTri) is an object of desire (3'), Timothy can choose between novices and older members of the Church (3"), the Church widow must be of 60 years of age (5"), there has been sad experience of the falling away of Christian widows (5'^ "') ; but none of these points carry us beyond the possible con- ditions of a flourishing community in a large city which may have been established at least ten years, at a time of quick develoiiment such as is stamped on every page of the NT.
The advice of 5" is inconsistent with that of 1 Co 7", but there the advice is confessedly a counsel of perfection (cf. v.*"), and given in face of a special necessity.