312 may be an after-thought (cf . 1 Co 1 ) , tor o
''^But the doubt has arisen in connexion ^vith the authorship. On the theory of the Fauline authpr- Xd it has been suggested that the sections which iZv a Tate date may be later additions to a ge^le lett'er Thus ^3-- is of a cjuite genera^ Character • it has no personal expression : it could be dropped without destroying the sequence of fLS "■-'»-'» o^-'"-"-^ are almost as general ; anTt%ersonal expressions ^-^^^l^^:, "58 5" iirlrpivoi 2}"; SiaiJiaprvpoixai 5'\ miglit be tUo»e Sf Timothy himself or of some later authority ?ayinrdo/Ti detailed instructions m accordance with the ceueral principles enunciated by bt. l-aui. TM vouKeet'the d&culty of the large number of non-Pauline words in these sections ; but that mav be met by the fact that Paul is treating of ne^^ subjects, a'nd is perhaps borro.ving from half- stereotvped lists of virtues required of candidates fM S perhaps based on Jemsh reqmrements, nerhaps onGent&eanalogies (forthe correspondence TeS the requirements of 3- and the character- Lstics of the Stoic wise man, cf. Ca" *• Gr. V e^«. P- 571 • besides, it makes it necessary to treat 2 as a deibeT;tTiAsertion.with a view to claun Pauime authov,aip for the section cf. Harnack [Chrori. pp 4S2^S4), who treats 3>-" 5i'-/» as fragnients ?iter thin 138 A.D.]. Again, on the theory of the non-Pa^ne authorihip.1t is -cessa^ to ex,.lain the personal al usions. home of these (1 . - ) may be borrowed from or based upon previous I^t^rs hut 5"-^ cannot be ; it cannot tave been in- vp^ld bv a forger; it must be genuine, and the ve™kwardnessof its insertion at this point is r.Snt; the theory of a second-hand compiler, .vlio mi"ht more naturally liave inserted it ^ * • The command and the insertion of the command here dTp^nd upon some intimate acnuaintance bl ween^the waiter and Timothy, and intimate knowledge of the conditions at Epliesus.
-r e mSst elaborate attempt to resolve the etter into fts constituent factors is that of Knoke {Com- Ln/ar 1« den Pastoralbrkfe, 1889), who assumes "combination of three letters-two of them from PaiTtX) Timothy, the third the final redaction in The 2nd ceT, in the interests of Church organiza- tlon An attempt to read these letters consecu- tiveiy as arranged by him.
,„v IS. 4. ia_oi« y*-4" 5>-«- »• •• "■"• "*■". th\ 1"-" 3»-4"- "■'» S'-"-" 5'-» 6"-"', i°j 3i.». 11. 10. 13 ou 59. 10. n. ••■ " 6'- ',
will show the arbitrariness of the division, and
Ue possibility on such a test of subdividing he
iiree still further. For exact details " ^"SSe^ted
theories cf. Mollatt. U p. -02 ; Clemen, me
McGillert. pp. 405-412; Harnack, Chron. i. pp.
*^'^^VALUE.-The intrinsic v^ue is partly in- dependent of its authorship, for the Pastora Fhu'tlcs, even if not written as proofs of. love and aH^ction by Paul to Timothy anc! T.tus. 'in honore ?f,uonecclesia.cathoUcieinordinationeeccles.astrc^ discipline sanctifaat» sunt' (Murator. Canon). But Us witness is not so much to details of eccle- siastical order (for these are ambiguous), as to
^1"f \'['witnesses, more fully than even Titus and >Tim., to the principleof the delegation of apostolic luthority. The liighest duty of ordaining, and exer-
St Pa^ acts as St. John acted in the presence of Ui-e growing needs of the Church (Clem. Alex. «««
^t^it 'itiesses that ahighly ethical and spinUa^
=^dt/cS«.=-^^--^| ritual and or^Lized minist.y. There is "O opposi- tion bctwe^nlhe outward and the inward, between the spirit and the organized body. . ■ „ „*
(c) It breathes a healthy manly, impatience of in e lectual qnibbles and sophistries ^vlj'ch are di vorc"dfrom\ moral life. _It - -^in to St Paul s protest against <ro<pla and yv^<T.^_ in 1 Co 1 and /. Dut U parries it into a ditterent region.
(TindetSlsithas had a direct influence upon
contributi^" to a missionary feelmg. and to a con-
justice and I^^P^^i^ity m dealin wu ^^ ^^^^ ^u^^ir^nsVthrmSlsterial office s^^^^^^^^^
Cura,
LiTERATUB^-A very, "^."^Xld?! SA it^l!^ be found in Holtzmann's or m Mangold sj.n^^."-^^^^^ ^, ,^, sufficient here to mention^ the best mooera^^^ ^^^ p^^^,.^, problen.s connectedwith the bpstie MJ^^^ ^^,^0
lS97);Moffatt,H..(on«iAAPP.^5^^ -
_jd Uort- 8 JudaiMf £,'"^"«;"Ji'oi°°elt a «ith Steles „ote.
St. Chr5-808tom'8 honnUes a^e ^1 ummat.n^^^ modem commentators % on hoaenorKe , pre-eminent, and Riggenbach 'o^««"-b^'^°'=!^J" ifi'nd PatrStic illustrations H. P. Lidrton '°^«'::^'"'''"^'' the S»c^«-'S Com .««.(.> rj/) (1897). Ellicott AU°"^^?^J"^'"e'r in the Expositor'. BM, kre carefu. and le^'-^^.'f = r^^" Ber„° A in Camb. Gr. Test. interesting and J"-B«st'« • J- H-^^^^'J'^y^r Schooh (1897) are
andHeld'8 0ttumJ»rorn«>w«,ui.»pp.20i-n. ^ ^^^
TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO.-
1. Historical Sit-ilion ot the writer, li! Analysis.
Ui. Literary Dependence. It. Situation at Ephcsus.
la) False Teachmf. . (i,) Church Organization. T. Authorship. Ti. Integrity. tU. Value, i Wt«;torical SITUATION.-St. Paul is in prison at'•R"oS^Sd^vith a chain andjiad^^^^^ nrisoner for some length of time (i - '• .
fiadTncurred imprisonment in the cause oChns^ n»i fto an apostle and teacher of tue ^o>pei \l 2.»i : perhaps some deUnite charge of misdemean.
TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO
TIMOTHY, SECOND EPISTLE TO 775
onr had been matle against him (ws KaKovpyoSt 2®; cf. KaKOTTotuSy 1 P 2'- 4'\ but this may be no more than a simile). But the place and circumstances of his arrest are not clear. He had been tra- velling through Asia Minor and Greece AWth a band of fellow-travellers (cf. Tit 3^* ol ^er' ^nou TdKTcj), including Ueraas.Crescens, Titus, Tj'chicus, Erastus, and Tropliimus ; apparently he had been opposed at Troas by Alexander, and obliged to leave hastily {4'*- ") : in Asia he was deserted by those to whom he looked for support (I*'*) : at Miletus lie left Trophimus ill : at Corinth Erastus stayed beliind : the rest probably moved forward to Nicopoila (Tit 3'-) : and there, or perliaps at Rome itself, he may have been arrested : Demaa de.-*erted him : Crescens was despatclied to Galatia (?Gaul): Titus to Dalmatia: Tychicus to Enhesus: and when he writes Luke is with him single-handed. An Asiatic Cliristian, Onesiphorus, had foimd liim out, thoMgli with dilliculty, had cheered his loneli- ness, and perhaps was enabled to better his condi- tion (I^"*) ; the Koman Christians are in touch with him, and he is alile to send a word of greeting from all oi tliem(4^'). Perhaps liis trial had already begun and been adjourned (4'*'* ", but cf. Zalm, £inl. i. ]>. 402, and S|)itta, Zur Gesch. des UrchriMentums, i. pp. 35-50, who make out a good case for referring this to his trial in the previous imprisonment) ; at any rate he regards his death as certain and as not far oir {4^- ^). So in his loneliness he wants help, and liis mind turns to his ' beloved son' Timothy, and to Mark, to whom he had been reconciled. Timothy was at the time somewhere in Asia Minor, — probably at Enhesus, as he is in a position of authority, where lie has to teach and hand on liis teaching, cf. l'^ 2'''' " 3^ 42- i»,_and Paul writes to beg iiim to come, and to come quickly before the winter, to pick up Mark by the way, and to stop at Troas for the cloak and books and parchments left there. But Timothy was of a timid nature, and the journey was one which would imply peril, and possibly he may arrive too late to see St. Paul, or may liave to face death himself ; so he exhorts him to have courage and to provide others who will be able to teach the trutli, and warns him against the special dangers which are likely to beset his teaching. The interest of the Epistle oscillates between St. Paul's desire for sympathy and his wish to strengthen Timothy's handi and to guard the deposit of the truth. IL Analysis.