(2) The portrait of the Christian minister, with his work done, facing death (cf. 1 John and 2 Peter). He acquiesces gladly in the present, but his eyes are turned mainly to the past or to the future. He recalls the way in whicli he from his youth, and his ancestors before him, have worshipped God (1') : he dwells on God's power (!'• '• '- 2' 4") as having protected him in all past dangers (3"), as communicated to himself (4"), and yet independent of liimself — God may imprison His preachers, but His word is never fettered (2'') : he reviews his whole course, he lias no doubt of his reward ; and so he looks into the future, he antici- pates the false teaching that will arise (3'), he warns against it, he provides for a succession of teachers to whom the truth can be entrusted (2-) : he strenrthens his favourite son for his task : he is sure tliat God will protect him from every evil work that may meet him in this life, and he looks beyond the grave : he sees God's sure foundation firmly standing (2'") : he sees God protecting the teaching which he has handed back to His care (!'■-) : he sees God rewarding evil-doers according to their work (4") : he sees the heavenly kingdom, eternal glory, life and immortality ; he sees the ( oming in brightness {iiritpayeia) of the Righteous Judge, and the crown of righteousness given to him and to all who have loved that coming (4").
The Epistle is the letter of a good shepherd who is laying do^vn his life for his slieep to one whom he is training to be also a good sheplierd and to lay down his life for his sheep, and is inspired by the remembrance of ' the Good Shepherd ' who had laid down His life and risen from the grave.
LiTSEATDiiB. — For the literature c*. 1 Timothy and Titus.
W. Lock. TIN (S"!3 MdhU) was known as an alloy with copper at least as early as 1600 B.C. in Kgypt, and prol)ably before 2000 B.C. in Europe. It was also prepared pure in Egypt at least by 1400 B.C. The source of it is muc'li deliated. Banca, Spain, and Britain have all been proposed. That it appears as an alloy earlier in Europe than in Egypt shows that it was European ; and the nearest source of it to the early bronze lands of Europe is in the tin mines of Bohemia and Saxony. Tin (Gr. Koaalrtpo^) in the literal sense is mentioned in Nu 3F- (P) along with brass, iron, and lead, and along with the same metals is used fi". of Israel in Ezk 22"* (cf. v.") ; and it appears in E/.k 27'^ along with silver, iron, and lead, as an article of com- merce brought to Tyre from Tarshisli. In Is 1^
' alloy ' would be a better rendering than * ti n.' In Zee 4'" '7n;ri \2Kn = plummet. See further under Mines, Mining. W. M. Flinders Pbtrib.
TIPHSAH (npDR = ' the ford ').— The name of tvn» places.
1. (Qa^d ; Thaphsa) The northern limit of Solo- mon's dominions west of the Euphrates — the southern limit being Gaza (1 K 4-^). It is identi- fied by nearly all commentators with Thap.sacus, on the right bank of the Euphrates, above the confluence of the Belik. Tiphsali was the lowest ford across the Euphrates, and the point at which Cyrus the younger forded tlie river, tlie water being lirea.st-high (Xen. Anab. I. iv. 11). At the same place Darius crossed before and after Issus, and Ale.xander crossed in pursuit, on two bridges (Arrian, iii. 7). Tiphsah was the most important crossing-place in tlie middle course of the Euphrates, and on one of the great commercial routes between the East and the West. In the time of Xenophon it was great and prosperous, and it is mentioned later as the point at which river-borne goods from the lower Euphrates were landed and shipped. Under the Seleucids it waa called Amphipotis. The to%vn was at or near Kaldt Diose, about eight miles below Meskine (Peters, Nippur).
2. (B Qepaa, A Qaipi [i.e. nyin Tirzah] ; Thapsa) A town, apparently near Tirzah, which was taken by Menahem after he had dispossessed Shallura and seized the tlirone (2 K 15"^). Josephus (.fini. IX. xi. 1) writes the name Oaf 6. as if it were Thapsacus. Thenius suggests that the name was originallj- written Tappuah (cf. Luc. Ta0u^). The site is unknown. C. W. Wilson.
TIRAS (DTP ; Geipds, Luc. Qipi^). — A son of Japheth, Gn 10= [P], 1 Ch 1'. Ethnologically, the name should probably be identified with the Turusha, a seafaring people mentioned in the Egyp- tian inscriptions of the 13tli cent., the Tvpa-qvol of the Greelcs (so Ed. Meyer [Gcsch. d. Alterthtims, i. 200], followed by Dillm., Holzinger, Gunkel, et al.). Jensen {'fheol. Ltztg. 1899, 3, col. 70) makes it = Tarsus ; W. Max Miiller (On'en/. Ltztg. Aug. 1900, col. 290) takes it as a doublet of Tarshish of v.*, which he identifies with Turs, i.e. the land of the Tyrrhenians or Italy. There are the strongest objections to the view ot Josephus (Ant. I. vi. 1), Jerome (on Gn 10-), and the Targg., that Tiros = the Thracians. J. A. Selbie.