LiTRRATrRB. — Commentaries on the OT passaijes (Dillmann- Kittfl, Marti, and Skinnur on Isaiah, Dutini on Jerfntiali), the Lexicons, the Bilile dictionaries (Herzoj,''6 PRE, Kiehni's U Wli, Sniitli's DB, sub voc. ' Uiiniom,' 'Gelnnnoin,' ' CJehcnna') ; tlie books on the geography of the Holy Land (Rohinson, etc.); Ewakl's Ilixt. 0/ Iter. iii. pp. 123, 12-1, iv. ji. -JOS, etc., Longmans' tr. ; Bottclur's De Il\fenl, p. 86 ; W. It. Siuitli's Jiel. uj thf 6«ft.a pp. 372-378. S. D. F. SaLMOND.
TORAH.— See Law.
TORCH.— See Lamp and Lantern.
TORMAH (n=-|ri 'fraud, deceit'; B ir Kpv<t>y, A fiera ouipui'). — In the margin of Jg 9" 'in Tormali' is given as an alternative rendering of the Hebrew word translated 'craftily' (AV 'privily'). Some commentators have suggested that Torniah is a corruption of Arumah (v.") ; but there is no evidence one way or the other. The text certainly appears to be corrupt. See Moore, ad loc.
C. W. Wilson.
TORTOISE.— The AV tr. of 3» zab (Lv U=»); RV has ' great lizard ' ; prob. the land monitor is meant. See Chameleon, Li/.AitD.
TOU ('Vh).— King of Hamath on the Oroutes.
who sent an embassy to congratulate Uaviu on
800
TOWER
TOWN CLERK
his defeat of Hadadezer, with whom Tou him- self had waged frequent wars, 1 Ch IS"'- In the [jarallel passage, 2 S 8"'-, the name apijcars as Toi, whieli, however, is less prohable pliilulogically isee Driver, Text of Sam. 217). In 2 Sam. the LXX has, B GoKoi), A and Luc. Soti ; in 1 Chron., B 6u;a, A Gooii, Luc. GoXd. J. A. Selbie.
TOWER, -t A) In OT for 1. Wr? miijddl. The mir/dal served sometimes to defend a city wall, and in particular an angle in the wall or a gate (2 Ch 14' I"! 20"). Engines for casting arrows and stones were sometimes placed in the towers (20"). A single tower sometimes served as a citadel (tin IV, Jg 9'')- In the country, towers were erected for the protection of the Hocks and herds, and to safeguard the roads (2 K 17^ 2 Ch 26'" 27"). The pilgrim route from Damascus to Mecca is dotted with towers which protect the wayside wells (Doughty, Arabia Dcserta, i. 9, 13). A vine- yard was sometimes watched from a miijdcU (Is 5-, cf. Mt 21^^), sometimes from a mere 'booth' (nro suJdcah). The towers of Jerusalem are mentioned generally in Ps 48'-, Is 33" ; see also Neh 3' (towers of Hamjieah and of Hananel ; cf. also Ryle's note in loco) ; v." (tower of the furnaces ; cf. Kyle, and see Jerusalem, vol. ii. jp. 593, for this tower and the next mentioned) ; vv.^"'" (the [great] tower that lieth out) ; Ca 4* (tower of David) ; 7''<^i (the tower of Lebanon which looketh toward Damascus). 'The tOtter of Babel' (it should be noted here) is not a biblical phrase ; the presump- tion of men was shown not in the height of the tower, which is hyperbolically expressed, but in the whole scheme embodied in the building of ' the city and the tower.' That ' the name of the Lord is a strong tower' (Pr 18'") may mean either of two things: (1) that God Himself is a protection, or (2) that the mention of His name in an adjuration often stops an intended act of violence. The second sense may be illustrated from the tradition that the prophet Mohammed once spared a female captive who exclaimed, ' I take refuge in God [luhlhu billdld) from thee.' Mic 4*, in which Zion is addressed, ' O tower of the flock,' is taken by Nowack (j» /oco) and others as a later addition. Jerusalem is here represented, it is said, as already desolate, as a lonely tower from which grazing flocks are watched. A mora natural interpretation of the phrase is suggested by Is 14^-. Zion is the tower in which the flock of God takes refuge from the enemy.
2. ' Tower ' stands also for migdol (Ezk 29«> 30«) in EV, where RVm more correctly gives a proper name ' from Migdol ' (LXX airb JIa75u>\ou). 3. |rj3 bahan, I'm? bahon (pi. o'jinj bakuiilm), a tower used by besiegers for observing and (sometimes) for attacking a city ; Is 23'^. The prophet Jere- miah is compared ( Jer 6'-'') with one of these towers, because he was the herald and (in a sense) the instrument of God's judgments on Jerusalem ; cf. Ezk 4', where the prophet is directed to besiege the city in dumb show. The rendering of Jer 6-' in IlVm ' trier ' is supported by LXX and Pesh. (Lee), and yields a play on the following verb ' try,' but the AV is probably right. 4. ' Iligli tower ' is the rendering of 3:;;'D misgah, in Ps 18^ ('• EV,and59''l'"l-"l'«lRV. God is called the Psalmist's misfldb. S. Vsv 'ophel (2 K 5" AV). RV gives 'liiir (correctly). 6. iii= mdzor (Hab 2'), a word meaning 'entrenchment,' 'rampart.' 7. n;$ jnnnah (Zeph3''), 'towers' AV, 'battlements' RV, 'corner towers' RVm (rightly, towers bein^ often set at an angle of a city wall). 8. The word nns zirinh (Jg 9"" hold' AV, 1 S 13» 'high places' AV) has been taken by Jewish expositors to mean a ' tower,' but Driver (on 1 S 13') shows good reason for ".endering ' vault ' or ' underground chamber ' ; the