The question, whether in the time at which Lk 3' was wTitten the Ituraean district and Traehonitis were two distinct portions of Philip's tetrarchy, or two equivalent or overlapping names for it, has already been fully discussed under ITUILEA.
LiTERATi'RB. — Besides Wetzstein's Reiseberieht quoted above, see Ritter. Erdkuiuie, xv. ; Porter, Five JVar« in bamascu^, ii., and The iiiant Citiesof Bashan ; Selah Merrill, Eoit of Jordan ; Schiirer, HJf I. ii. App. 1, etc.; de Voi,'Ue, Syrie Cent rale : Architecture Cirite et Retigieu^e; Gutlie, Fischer, and Stubel, in the ZDPV, 1890, 225 ff.; the present WTiter's HGUL, 543, 015 ff.; Major-General Heber- Percy, A ViMt to Bashan and Argob, 1S95, with good photographs; Rindlleisch in ZDPV, 1898, p. Iff.; V, Oppenheim, \ oiii Mitteimeer zum Pers. Got/, i. cha. iii. and vi. (w-ith photo^'raphs of e^-^a), 1899 ; Bncye. Bibl. artt. ' Argob,' * Bashan,' and ' Bosor.'
G. A. Smith.
TRADE and COMMERCE.— i Terms.— 'Trade' in AV of Gn 46''-- ** means 'occupation,' and has no equivalent in the Hebrew. In Ezk 27'^"" it represents the Heb. \m ' gave ' ; in Gn Si'"- "^ it is the rendering of nno shr. The participle of this last verb is used for ' merchant ' ; and cognate nouns, inp, "inc, '"H"?, ni;?, for ' place of traffic,' ' merchandise,' 'profit,' traffic,' and, by the use of abstract for concrete, ' traffickers ' (Gr. iinropevet- 9ai, Ifiiropos, i/jLiropla ; Lat. negoti/iri, negotiator, institur, negotititio, mercatiis). The root shr= ' travel,' and describes the merchant as a travelling trader. Similarly from S^t rkl, originally ' to travel,' connected with regel, ' foot," we have rckhel, 'merchant' {IpLvropos, institor, negotiator, venditor, etc.), ri^2-i ' traffic ' {iinropla., negotiatio), n73-)a ' place of traffic' {IIV 'merchandise,' iiitropia, negotiatio). The Heb. words of this group cliielly occur in Neh 3. 13, Ezk 26-28.
Similarly in 1 K 10", 2 Ch 9" MT couples 'anshe hat-tdrim (EV 'chapmen') with sohirim, ' merchants ' ; and tarim, which should mean ' spies,' is explained as ' those who go to and fro,' ' trallickers' ; but the text is corrupt. Kittel (' Clironicles ' in SBOT) proposes to read 'Osher me'drim, ' that which came from the cities.'
The proper names Kena'an (Is 23'), Kina'dni (Pr 31-^ etc.), are also used to mean 'merchant.' In Neh 10^' n^n"?, from np'? ' to take,' is used in the sense of ' goods for sale ' (EV ' ware ') ; and in Ezk 27 XP^yj IS used for ' thy wares,' so KV (not, as AV, ' thy fairs').
The roots of the following seem to ha^e had originally the meaning ' exchange " or ' barter ' :
TEADE AND COMMERCE
TRADE AND C0:MMERCE
803
aip ' traffic,' and its derivative 3-y^5 'merchandise' or 'traffic,' onlj' in Ezk 27, cf. DiouT, Pledge; with the allied group td ' to exchange or barter,' and n-ii:a 'exchange,' 'barter,' 'price'; tc' price paid for a wife,' and its denom. i^o ' to buy a wife ' ; •130 ' to sell,' and ^:■J ' wares or price ' ; Tnp ' price.' The common word for 'buy,' n;p, is a general term meaning 'possess' and 'acquire'; so n:;:^, njpp, ' possession, sonietinies mean 'purchase' or ' price. Another term for ' buy ' is mD ; and np'? Make' is sometimes tr. 'buy.' 12V usually means
* to buy com.'
Other words for 'price' are ij;, lit. 'value,' and TrT;''an equiviilent." l''or 'caravan 'we have nni.x «Gn 37", Is 21", Job G'"' '»), nj-^n (so only Job 6'» poet.), and .n;p? (1 K IU-«=2 Ch l'«), and 7i-<v (Ezk 27"), lit. 'company' or 'band.' A special class of merchant ships were styled 'ships of Tarshish.' See Tarshish. The tr. 'make merchandise' in Dt 21" 24' is a mistake. The meaning of the word ("cynn, only in these two passages) is prob- ably ' play the master ' (LXX in Zv KoxoSwaa-- TtCira^) ; see Driver's note.
In the NT we have for ' merchandise,' iiiropia ;
* to trade,' dpydj^ofiaif i/nropeCo/jiai ; ' to buy,' dyop6.^Wj Uf^ofiai ; ' to sell,' dTodiSujfu, viirpiaKcv^ jrwX^w ; ' nierch.ant,'/M'''o/'05; 'banker' or ' money-changer,' Tpairfi^iTTjs ; * seller of purple,' Tropf/ii'pJTTwXts ; 'bank* or ' counter,' TpdTrefa (lit. 'table 'i ; ' inart,'^M'''o/)io>' ; 'price,' ti^it) ; 'valuable,' 'expensive,' •■oXi/reXijt, »oXi>Ti^os ; ' lading of a sliip,' yufios.
ii. Data. — 1. General. — The natural features of a country indicate the character and extent of its commerce. Given harbours or practicable land routes, etc., it will export what it produces easily, and import what it pro<luces with difficulty or cannot produce at all. See articles on the various countries of the Bible. Again, references to the possession of articles of foreign production imply commerce with the place of production. See articles on Goi.D, Silver, Dress, etc.
2. Trade in OT. — There are numerous scattered references, but the leading cases are the accounts of Solomon's commerce (1 K 5. g^"-"* 10"-2»), and of the unsuccessful attempt of Jehoshapliat to imitate him (1 K 22*-''); and of the Sabbath trading at Jeru.siilem (Neh 13""^). The commerce of Tyre is described in Is 23, Ezk 26. 27. A caravan trade in spices, etc., with K^ypt is mentioned in Gn 37^(J), and implied in 43" (J).
3. Trade in tite Apocrypha, NT, Josephus, Talmud, etc. — In 1 Mac 14° .Simon makes Joppa a port, and in To 4' !)" we read of a deposit of money repaid on the production of a receipt. In the Nl' commerce furnishes our Lord with many illustra- tions ; St. Paul sails in tniding vessels, and meets with Lydia, 'the dealer in purple' (Ac l(i"), and the manufacturers of silver shrines for Diana (Ac 19"). The commerce of Home, under the name of Babylon, is described in a passage. Rev 18, atlapted from Ezk 27. There are scattered references in Josephus. The Talmud often refers to the articles and conditions of commerce in its discussions on tithes, and on the ritual questions, uncleanness, etc., arising out of relations between Jews and Gentiles. These notices can be applied only with caution to periods earlier than the compilation of the Ta;:^u<ls (a.d. 400-GOO).