LiTRRATURB. — See Comm. and Lives of Christ ; also the Diet, and Kiicyc. articlee on 'Transtlgunition ' and * Verlilarung.' See also 'The Sl^'nificance o( the Transfiguration,' by W. J. Moulton, la Bihl. and Sem. Studiet (Yale Univ.), 1901, pp. 157-210.
A. Plummer. TRAVAIL. — In modem editions of AV a distinc- tion has gradually arisen between ' travail ' and
' travel,' the former being used when the meaning is to labour (or as subst. for 'labour,' 'trouble'), especially in childbirth, the latter wlien it is simply to journey. But in the editions of 1611 tliore was no such distinction. Thus in 1611 Mt 25" reads, ' For the kingdome of heaven is as a man travaUing into a fane countrey ' ; but Is 21" ' In the forest in Arabia shall yee lodge, O yee travelling companies of Dedanim.' So in Ec 4* we lind ' .4gaine I considered all travaile ' ; but in 4* ' Better is an handfuU with quietnesse, then both the hands full with travell and vexation of spirit.' Nor have the editors or printers carried out their distinction completely. In La 3^ ' He hath . . . compassed me with gall and travel,' the spelling of AV is retained in mod. editions (Cov. ' travayle,' RV ' travail '). In Nu 20'* tlie sense has evidently been missed, the wider meaning of toil and trouble in the wilderness being taken as if it were merely the marching through it : AV 1611, ' Thou knowest all the travaile that hath befallen us' (mod. edd. ' travel,' RV ' travaU ').
Tlie Eng. word i8 simply the Fr. travail, toil, trouble, the origin of which is unknown. In Cotgrave's French Dictionary travttii is described as ' travell, toyle, teene, labour, business, paines-tattin-,', trouble, molestation, care.' Travelling, which is now undertaiien for pleasure, was so conspicuous a form of toil and trouble that it appropriated the name. The change of spelling was assisted by the fact that 'traveil' was another variety of spelling in early use. Thus in Ec 2'^ AV 1611, ' For all his dayes are sorrowes, and his traveile, griefe.' The mean- ing was sometimes ' be weary,' as Is 4{pi Wya * Who foraothe hopen in the Lord, shul chaunge strengthe, take to federes as of an egle ; rennen, and not travailen ; gon, and not faylen.' For the spelling * travel ' for labour cf. Gosson, Schoote of Abuse, 41, ' I burnt one candle to seek another, and lost both my time and my Lravell when I had doone' ; and in the sense of labour in childbirth, U.all, Works, ii. 11, ' If the house of David had not lost all mercy and good nature, a Daughter and [of] David could not so neere the time of her travell have bin destitute of lodging in the city of David.' J. HASTINGS.
TREASON.— This word occurs in EV only in
1 K 16^ (of Zimri) and 2 K ll» = 2Ch 23'^ (the exclamation of Athaliah). In these instances it had better have been rendered ' conspiracy,' the tr. of the same Heb. term (i^'p) in RV of Is 8'^ (AV ' confederacy ' ; for justification of the read- ing ■'5'S against Seeker, Lowth, Lagarde, Stade, ct al., who emend ay, see Cheyne, Introd. to Is. 40 ; LXX has aK\Tjpi>i> = n^'s), and in AV and RV of
2 S 15'2, 2 K 17S Jer IP, Ezk 2'22». Cf. the use of the verb irp in 1 S 22a- is_ 2 S 15^', 1 K 15^ 16''«, 2K 9'* 10» 12-'" ( = 2Ch 2425'-) 14'" ( = 2Ch 25^) 1510. 16. 25. 30 2i2i. 24 ( ^ 2 ch 33-"- =»), 2 Ch 24^', Neh i^. Am 7'°, in all of which both AV and RV render by 'conspire,' 'make conspiracj',' or 'be a conspirator.'
J. A. Selbie.
TREASURE, TREASURER, TREASURY.— The word ' treasure ' is used in EV in two distinct senses, which are approximately represented in English by ' store' and ' storehouse' respectively. The same amliiguity of meaning (which might be avoided in English by uniformly employing ' trea- sure' for the one sense and ' treasury for the other, or by abolishing the latter term altogether and re- placing it by ' storehouse ' or the like) attaches to some of the words wliich in the original of the OT are the source of these renderings.
(1) 'Treasure' in the sense of store u-sually stands for Heb. iv'in (generally plur. n'njix) : of gold, silver, costly utensils, etc., Jos 6'"- •* (the vessels found in Jericho [AV and RV have here ' treasury,' which is not so suitable a tr. as ' trea- sure ' or ' store ']), Is '2' 30' 45' (' treasures of dark- ness,' i.e. concealed, hoarded treasures), Hos 13", Jer 15'» IV 20» 48' 49* b\^, 1 K H^'", 2 K 24'^"", perhaps also Is 3'J^- *, although this should pcihaps come under (2) ; wealth in general, Pr lo'^ 21«' * 1 Ch 29" (the contributions for the building of tha t«mple [here both AV and RV have rightly ' trea- sure,' but, strangely enough, RV gives 'treasury
TREASUEE, TREASUEER, TREASURY
TREE
808
Id tlie similar passage, Ezr 2" = ><eli 7"'], called in 1 Ch 29'* pc.i, lit. ' crond,' ' abundance,' AV and RV ' store,' cf. 2 Ch SI'") ; of stores of food, drink, etc.,1 Cli 27-'- ^^lAV and KV 'increase'), 2 Ch 11" (AV and KV 'store'); lij:;. ' treasures of wicked- ness' (Mic 6'°, I'r 10=), ' the fear of the LOKD is his treasure ' (Is 33").