VILE
VILLAGE
867
here, »» AV In Ex 6=2, Dt 268, Amcr. EV ' deal ill with '). 14. P^ r,\p'J dtah ra' (2 S 12i»)='do evil," AVm 'do hurt,' here to oneself by grief. 15. Rti'a: (Jg 105) — ' Tliey ve,\ed and oppressed the children of Israel,' Moore 'they broke and crushed." It is the same verb that in Jg 9W is translated ' and all to brake his •kull.' 16. Uiieha' (I S 14*'), lit. ' be wicked ' ; here Iliph. = ' de- clare wicked,' ' condemn,* * punish,' if the text is correct, which is doubtful, see Driver's note. Anier. RV ' put them to the worse.*
The subst. in^hOmah^ * vexation,' is translated by the verb in Ezk 22^ AV 'much vexed,' UV 'full of tumult.' Besides mfhumah (Dt 28'-i', 2 Ch li'), ' vexation ' is the tr. of (2) zfwau/i (Is 2819) ; (3) shebtr f Is dS'*) ; (4) rrulh (Ec l" 2U. 17. ai 44. 0 c9), and (J) ra'!/()n (1^0 1" 22* 4i<'). KV gives tor (1) 'discomfiture' in Lft 26'^>, retaining ' vexation ' in 2 Ch 15^ ; for (2) ' terror' ; for (3) it retains 'vexation ' ; for (4) and (5) gives 'striving.'
In Apocr. and NT we find thirteen different Or. words ren- dered in AV by the verb to vex ('vexation' does not occur). 1. S«-«».C* (2 P2'0, which is tr. 'torment* elsewhere except Mt 14'« ('tossed,* KV 'distressed'). Mis 6** ('toiling,' ItV 'dis- tressed'), Rev 1*22 ('paine<l,' RV 'in pain'). The verb means originally to test metals by the touchstone (Saravcf). 2. iatiMti^ou^u 1 Mt 15'— n ttt/yetrr,p fiAu xaxMf 3txjUtf,,^iTa/, 'my daughter is grievously vexed with a deviL' The verb means to be possessed by a demon. 3. iXx-^>iu ; Wis 171^ ripxciw iiAA</f**To ^t-Ttur/jLuTatf, ' were vexed with monstrous appari- tions,* UV 'haunted*: in I6I** the same word is tr. 'persecuted,* BV 'chased.* 4. &A.3* ; 1 Mac 151* 'he vexed the city by land
and by sea.* Cf. .Mt "l* T»^r>j/x,iier»i ^ Ho; k ktoLycv^a Lt Ti)» C«», lit. 'a compressed (hemmed in, straitened) way is that which leads to life.' 6. jucxiw : 2 Mac 5—, Ac 12i RV, in both ■ alUict.' The word means to do harm (jtaxa,) to, as Ac I810 ' No man shall set on thee to hurt (RV ' harm *) thee.' 6. x«7ixt«v(w ; 2 P 27, lit. 'to exhaust w-ith labour* (TcVcf). Found also in Ac ?■" EV ' oppress.' 7. Xyria/ ; Bar 218 ' the soul that is greatly vexed,* KvxK^ui*yi, lit. * grieved,' ' made sorrowful.* 8. oj^Xi* : Lk 6i», Ac 618, i,oth ' vexed with evil spirits.* In Luke edd. read ji«;i^X0juitoi, RV • troubled.* The word means lit. to rouse a mob (ovX*f) against one. *rhe same verb is used in To 0'' of ' a devil or evil spirit* troubling one. 9. frapopyisoi : .Sir 43 yMp^:a.9 wttpt^irfAiYnt, 'a heart that is vexed* (RV 'provoked,' as X\' in Eo lO'S, Eph 8<). 10. ^icy.ii : Mt IT'S xaxSs srio-vii, ' he is sore vexed'; RV 'sufTereth grievously.' 11. xipiirva.a> : Sir 4J2 ''u
0«ratri, XdcA«* 0-01/ . . . T^ Tf^jrTA'Ufiw 9rl^# vayTArv, ' tO him tll^lt iS
vexed with (RV 'distracted about') all thincrs.' In NT the verb occurs only Lk 1040 'Martha was cumbered (RVni 'distracted') about much serving.* 12. rttptteiru; 1 Mac 35, UV 'trouble,* as the word is often tr. in AV in the Gospels and 1 P 31*. In the Identical phrase (ei letpuirnvri; to* >jt6*) m 1 .Mac 722 the word is tr. * troubled.* 13. rf^x^uatt : Wis 1111, RV distress* ; elsewhere Id Bibl. Greek only Hi-*, AV 'afflicted,* UV 'worn.*
J. Hastings.
VILE.— 'There are many places in the Bible in which vile is not meant to convey tlie idea wliiuli it now possesses of what is phy.sically and morally detestable, but has simply the force of the Latin t*i7i.5, properly cheap, and then common, litfhtly esteemed, or at most looked dovtn upon. This, no doubt, is the sense which the Translators of 1611 intended to express in Ph 3^' ; for the Greek is TaTclvwrii, lowliness, low estate — as it is rendered in the MagniJ!cat, "the lowliness, or low estate, of his handmaiden " ; and the contrast is simply be- tween the lowly earthly body which we at i)resent bear, and the future jjlori lied body which has been made like unto the risen body of Christ.' — Driver in Expos. Times, Jan. 1"JU2, xiiL 1G7.
This earlier meaninf; of ' vile ' is seen in Erasmus, Cnde, 106, ' He whome thou despysest as vyle borne, is thy brother' ; p. 1.'57, 'Thou being proude of the palace, do.ste mocke and skorne the vyle and lioiiielye cotat;e of the pore man'; Udall, Erasmus' A'T, ii. 2'J, 'The heavenly father dooeth garnishe and clothe so freshely tlie vile gra-sse, which shortely shall perishe ; Ridley, Bre/e Declaration, 122, ' The crafte either of fyshyng, •whiclie was Peter's ; or of makynge of teiites, which was Panics, were more vile then the science of phisicke [which was Luke's].' But the word liiul already a stronger meaning than tliis. Thus Pre/are to AV, ' Ebionitcs, that is, most vile IiiTetikcs' ; Uolding, Calvin's Job, 582, 'Thou vile toade.'
*rhe examples of ' vile ' In AV may be classified thus —