It the Old Latm yeremn, and fro. the oi „„ tion ot a
It the Old Latin ;.X("rirthe fled, ^vith the e:.ception ot a OU8W the capital ">i'^''S,„ those mentioned above. At first ,ew isolated exanyU.s™rt,^h°^^^ ^^^^ pretension to
rather a piall """i ■;'^^f;'",|"Vitv firmness, and handsomeness beauty. It improves >"/,'=,^'''JL"^J^„" . the MSS ot that period, up to the beifiiminn ot the bth ^'''^- ^'j.,^ Amialinns. beinR silchaatheLindisfarne Gospels ajidte^K. ^^ .^
probably ">t,T„whr^^r" was a uf.idency to interna min- ex sttnca. Meanwhile " tre w^ ^ . [ character,
ziv^^^^ =5 nS« Sr^ '^^^
thus comes by »" ^-f '" ""'\ '^.'^fi th™ majuso.ile style had been case of Greek. On the one ''»"', •Jy.'o,i^,,,iial to uncial, from grailually t<.ned down «>'<=';'-,»'^„f,-//X"Sve hand in daily Sncial to halt-uncial; on the other, the J^'™, ^„„„3 . „„ional ' use lor common punioseswM """^ '^J^„?° ja,,, which, though han<ls, Lombardic. % ■'''1?°' f^ J^^hands of a kind. By the Sth inelegant 7™KVA';,l^'^Vad been broken up, and their place cent, the old^''terar> hanOB n«J nee ^^^^ ^.,^^^^ , ^a
t.-.ken by- these vanous ^^u'cu^e nor the ease and simplicity neither the Uaul> »' ^6 nm)u.cui callisniphy was
ol the cursive, trom th'» sWlf "' V "" ^ under the
rescued by the reforms "f «'""^.^'„,V^| /,", ,™, a<-co.nplislied
inspiration ol «<"'<''"^"f-T J'!" u^der the direction ol Alcuin principally at the ^^hoof"! Tours under the ^^ ^^^^
of York, evolved a style o'. """9» " "' "l which was destined and cleir, easy both to ''"'«.™'^ u'^Xthcrin existence, and to supersede the various n?,''°°f„^Jc^e hand which was the form the loundation ° ,/he m>n»^cule »»";;„ ^o the vehicle of M'-™"i^«"",'jV'^o'n'"tt7eBibl°B containing the re- Caroline minuscule "'> '^^f '?"SX!in him.sell and by Theortulf censinnsol the \ukate text Alcim-n ^^^^ contem-
of Orleans; ,wl"e^ the beautiful uncia so ,„,,ehoo i
it was different. Tl.e tou^Uer "J^'jt.^i'^l/^dj^lj^f, and n.an^ instances =;[« l^^;^, °4 J^^f „ Vl'hed
^usts the capital ">l%Xsthose mentioned alove. At first ^iu) ; and, since tl.e .°"f "' " ' ;^^^V°to decipher
°rUin^ is Greek, in tbe two otliersSyn. Other
^rT%^i^ ^^: V^ the Gospels M I Cof the A'cts,\i of the i;auhne Lpis UeM of the Old Latin Gospels, « otl>eU^ Act y,^
feaves at V'en'ia of the OL Km s ^^^.^^^ ^^^^
various dates. ^^^
Introd. to the OT in Greek.
Pow) ^u=fed primarily to ™ean a ine o .Hence it comes to denote a length ot , tne ueve ^...~ -..--:,. I VritinK equal to an average line of P°«t;y' ^^^^^
,z::,^:;'i^^t^-i'^^^^:i^^r^'t m. s?n^ is used -_«, .-ilr-w'^r^^i^
bf carried on.
^,.^.^.-.... - ^7 deUU'; i^the con pressed hand ot the
Text perhaps the most ""^."^^'^B^'JiJf are "till exunt. CominiC
?S'l=S=^£St J.e .^nd ^^^X very thin vellum then in use "lab cs mm to p _^^ ^,^._^
a comparatively small «"»P»S?- '.' '' "lUplviiiB copies ol the activity on the part of 'he scribes mmuluplMnB^ ^^ ^^^^
Bible with the activity »' "^^;^™"'°i'„tercot^^.ing its text ; the ". 'h« «r-.,P!.".°^ '° "c Z!d'?ntere"t i'^the'reading ot
as a mill' "* "•" .....-- --
' -- iff,nU-s are described as possess-
literary purposes. ^^^fl^^l^^J.^^,^ ,,aid according
"LlTKKATCB..^ompj«n,.^ dt^ i;5^«i^f-i,SS,!;; toc-imiles ; Marini, / '<^^/'-^^v «na^«^^^^^^ j.„^^, „ „„.
and Zangemeiswr,/ Jjmp'a ''^'' ^ ^^ ^,^„,„ paUoararhujM.
?^'?; •Srn':"i-a^tii^" 0/ i^^^"-* ^^^ *" "^ *"'"* Jlweui/i, 1900.
viii. PALiMr.'!KSTS.-A few special «»^i^f « ™g n^r-to be noticed. One pej^u^arda^^of^^l^
..ripinal xvnting l.as »««"/«;'=" ^yi^, ,,,.^,,9
evi.len.cs of its use are less ^^]l\^^^!^}'±,.„Z,M.,„nn.
..riginal writing has been removed m order th.^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^j the works f Cyi mn n ,^,, X _^^__^,,^,^
contents of the worKs ... v.,1..---^.- ■■■ ;p, - „„,„i,er ^l^S:iS::^^i;ust>!:s of tJ^ Bible is stated
: :^ i;r U;;'^;st Instknce oonlin^d t., one 1 ';^^^"^{i;Zo^^^<^'i^^ '-'■). a Ust in an 80. to have been usual or possible to go. w an vein.
956
WEITING
WRITING
Greek, p. 346 ; Scliolz, Prolegomena to the NT, vol. i. p. xxviii ; Turner, Journ. Theol. Stud. ii. 230. Tlie division into ittIxoi, which is purely mechanical, must be distinguished from the division of texts into (tiSXo and /tiju^noTa, which is a division into clauses according to tfcj sense. Some MSS are thus written, not continuously, hut in short sense- lines of varying length, presumably in the first instance to facilitate reading aloud. Such colo- metry was a special feature of the edition of the Acts and Epistles by Euthalius, and appears now in the chief MS of that edition, H of the Pauline Epistles. It is also nsed in the bilingual MSS, D Dj Ej, in order to keep the two versions more exactly parallel than they would be in continuous script, and to facilitate comparison between them. Between xiXo and KiiiiiaTo. there is no clear dis- tinction, but the latter denotes somewhat shorter clauses than the former.
LiTKttiTURS.— Graux, Revue de Philologie, 1878, p. 97 ; Diels, BtriMt, xvii, 1882; J. Eendel Harris, Stiehomelry, 1893; Thuiupeun, op. cit. ch. vL
X. Libraries. — In conclusion, it may be useful to give some account of the manner in which books were preserved in ancient and medijeval times. The most ancient library of which we have precise knowledge is that of Ashur-bani-pal, king of Assyria (B.C. 668-626), the contents of which have actually come down en masse to the present day. Il was not founded by Ashur-bani-pal, having existed under his predecessors, Sargon, Senna- cherib, and Esarhaddon ; but it was under his patronage that it assumed its great proportion-s. He set himself deliberately to collect books, send- ing scribes to make copies of works in other libraries, and instructing scholars to compile vocabularies of the Sumerian and Assyrian lan- guages. In 1850 this library was disinterred by Sir H. Layard from the mounds of Kouyunjik, and its contents, amounting to over 20,000 tablets, are now in the British Museum. The tablets appear to have been laid on shelves, grouped in classes, and labelled. They included historical, literary, theological, magical, and scientific works, as well as letters, contracts, and other business documents ; and the library was apparently access- ible to the people in general. — In Egypt there must have been depositories of the papj'rus rolls, ■which were produced in large numbers from very early times ; probably, the literature being almost wholly theological, they were preserved in or about the teniples. Diodoms Siculus (i. 58) states that O.symandyas, who has been identified with Kamses I., possessed a large library ; and two officials of his time are described as librarians. But no details are known of these early Egyptian libraries. — Nor have we express mention of libraries in Palestine in pre-Christian times,* though the references in the Books of Samuel and Kings to other books suggest the probability of the exist- ence of some repository where these works might be consulted (2 S l'», 1 K U" 14i»-'» IS^ etc.). ^In the early history of Greece, even when her literature was at its height, libraries (as dis- tinct from public record offices, which certainly existed in Athens and presumably elsewhere) play but a small part. Pisistratus is stated to have formed a library, which was taken to Persia by Xerxes, and restored long after by Seleucus Nicator (Aid. Gell. vi. 17). Athen.-Eus (i. 4) mentions libraries belonging to Polycrates of Samos, Nico- crates of Cyprus, the archon Euclides, the poet Euripides, and Aristotle. The latter is said by Strabo to Iiave been the first person to collect books ; and indeed it is evident that his works could not