Bo<fn'ftiiaim ' (D-jys;i jH'jn) is mentioned in defining the boundaries of Naphtali, while in J" 4" ' the terebinth of Bfi?a'anannini ' (d'jjj^sj k ; IIV gives in both passages 'the oak (m. 'terebinth ) in Zaanannim') is the site of the encampment of Heber the Kenite and the scene of Sisera s murder by Jael. There can be little doubt that 3 is not the preposition but part of the name (a conclusion M'hich is strongly supported by the absence of the art. from yh»), and tnat the form oij^sj deserves the preference (see Dillm. Jos. ad loc). The LXX has in Jos 19^ B 'Beaeiudv, A Beati'a^'i/i, Luc. Sceva- ffl/i; in Jg4" it translates, B iv\eov(KToivTuiv[Vi^ 'be covetous'], A ivairavoiiivuf [confusing with D'::n»].
The site of Bc?a'ftnaim is quite uncertain. It is difficult, not to say impossible, to reconcile some of the other data in Jg 4 with the statement in V." that it was 'by Kedesh,' if by the latter is meant Kkdesh -NAPHTALI. Equally unsuitable is the Kedesh of Issacliar (?.(46m Kadeis) between Taauach and Megiddo. Conder {Tent - Work, ii. 1321, favoured by G. A. Smith (HGHL 395), identifies BC^a'Snaim with Khirbct Bestilm, E. of Tabor, and takes Kedesh to be Radish, a ruin on the shore of the Sea of Galilee, S. of Tiberias. Chej'ne (Encyc. Bibl. i. 571), somewhat arbitrarily, emends D'jysa to D':ienp, supposing the reference to be to a ^Cidshon or ],<a<lshon in Issachar, whose inhabitants would be called I^idslionim. Upon this theory the words ib'N B-p"nK of Jg 4'' must of course be viewed as a gloss. (See, further, Moore, Judges, pp. 121, 125 f. ; G. A. Smith, I.e. ; Neubauer, G(og. du Talm. 22.->).
On the dilliculties of the narrative of Jg 4 see artt. Barak, Dkboraii, Si.sera.
J. A. Sklbie.
ZAAVAN (i-ji.).—\ descendant of Seir, Gn 36" (A '/.uvKau] = \ Ch I*' (B ZoTOd.u, A 'Afowdi', Luc. Zatidf). The tribe of which ho apjiears here as the eponj-mous head has not been identified.
ZABAD (iji, prob. a contraction for n;-i3i or ''K'^:.!).— The word -~\ and others formed from it occur as proper names in Palmyrene and Naba- ttean inscriptions (I.idzbarski, Nordscin. Eiwirdfih. p. 265). Kuller forms are Zebadiaii, ZAlii)n:L = ' my gift is Jehovah ' or ' God.' G. B. Gray {IIPN 222f.) points out that there are in the OT alxiut* 36 persons bearing the name Zabad or names formed from it. Of these, 23 occur in Chron. alone. No more than 3 are mentioned in pre-e.xilic books. In the case of one of these (and we may add pos- -silily in that of the other two) the text is doubtful, and the original may not have included the ele- ment Zabad. Ho draws the conclusion: 'The historical diaracter, therefore, of persons bearing one of these names and mentioned only by the Clironicler seems to me suspicious.' Cf. Nos. 1. 2.
* It is iometimcfl dilllcult to l)e certAin whether the «aiM uarau in difTtireiit paxsotfus rcfera to one or to more pereoni.
Zabad occurs in the OT as the name of the fol- lowing : — 1. One of the links in tlie genealogy of the .ludahite family Jerahmeel, 1 Ch 2*'- (Za^^S) ll'" (B ■La.^iT, A Zo|Sdr). Cf. GENEALOGY, § IV. 12, Shcs)uxn.
1 Ch 2>"> is an appendix to the account of the clans of Jerahmeel, which is closed in v.:W by the subscription ; ' these are the sons of Jerahmeel.' A doubt has been raised as to the identity of Zabad ben Nathan ben Attai ben Sheshan and Ahlai ('SnN) his wife in 231-37, and Zabad ben Ahlni. one of David's mighty men, In 11". Siefftried-Stade and Oif. Ueb. Lex. regard the former aa a family name, and the latter as an individual. There can be little doubt that the Chronicler in- tended to identify them. The historical value of the sections in which this Zahad is mentioned is uncertain. Kittel iSBO'F) regards 2" -il as one of the latest .additions to Chronicles ; Kaiitzsch (Bibel), however, refers it to an ancient source ; while Gray (///*iV 2:10) says of the section as a whole: 'The char- acter of the thirteen names presents nothiii-,' inconsistent with the (fenealoty- being genuine.' He is, urifoitunately, doubtful about the names in which we are specially interested. 'The only names which appear to me suspicious are n31 (Zabad] and, in a less degree, *ny (Attai].' 1 Ch ll*u»-*', a passage peculiar to Chron., is the direct continuation of vv.2ft-iu, which =; 2 8 23^39. Possibly, therefore, vv.-Ub-iT are from the same ancient source as the rest of the list, and were accidentally omitted from Samuel (so Kautzsch, Kittel, etc.). The concluding note in 2 S 2339, ■ thirty and seven in nil,' is transposed by LXX, and the nunilicr 37 does not i-orruspond with the list. But Ciray (op. cit. '2'2[l ft".) holds that if vv.-ilb-i? is based on an ancient document, the text is very corrupt. Possibly Zabad b. Nathan (1 Ch 23«)i8 the same as Zabud b. Nathan, Solomon's priest and 'king's friend' in 1 K 4&. The latter occurs in some texts and versions (see Zabdd, and cf. No. 3) as Zacnr or Zaccfir, so that we might read for Zabad in 1 Ch 233 Zacar, a contraction of the familiar Zechariah. In some scripts of Heb. Zacar (IDI) and Zahad (131) can hardly be distinguished. Cf. Jozacar. If Zabad is accepted, and 1 Ch 2'^^^^ is regarded as based on some old genealogy setting forth the relations of clans, the apiiarcnt occurrence of Zabad as an Ephraimite clan in 1 Ch 7'*i may indicate that the clan was at one time reckoned to Judah, arcl at another to Ephraim ; or that it wjis ultimately divided be- tween the two tribes. Note also the Elishama in 'i^i and "26.