RELIGION OF GREECE AND ASIA MINOR.—
Introduction.
A. PRIMITIVE ANATOLIAN AND PRE-HELLENIC RELIGION.
I. Sacred Stones and other Inanimate Objects: (1) stones, pillars, columns, etc.; (2) thrones; (3) weapons; (4) wooden posts.
II. Sacred Trees.
Ill. Sacred Animals: (1) animals as parts of the god; (2) the bull; (3) the goat; (4) the sheep; (5) the horse; (6) the swine; (7) the bee; (8) the sacredness of domesti- cated animals; (9) domesticated animals as sacrifice ; (10) the lion, the stag ; (11) the serpent; (12) sacred- ness of wild animals.
IV. Sacred Places: (1) mountains; (2) sacred caves and mountain glens; (3) sacred springs and lakes; (4) development of the sacred place into a religious centre or Hieron; (5) sacred places in the religion of Greece.
V. Relation of the original aniconic religion to image- worship : (1) coexistence of the two kinds of worship ; (2) votive images and representations of the Deity ; (3) shrines (not).
VI. The Divine in human form and character: (1) the Great Mother ; (2) the growth of mythology as the story of the Great Mother ; (3) myths of the goddess and the god ; (4) the birth and death of the Divine nature.
VII. Ritual and Ceremonial: (1) the origin of ritual ; (2) the
Mysteries ; (3) nature of the Mysteries; (4) the char-
acter of the Phrygian and the Greek Mysteries ; (5) the
growth of ritual; (6) purification ; (7) confession ; (8)
approaching the Deity ; (9) priests ; (10) hieroi.
Influence on Society and Life: (1) marriage; (2)
hierodoulot; (8) women guards; (4) self-mutilation ;
(5) burial; (6) brotherhoods and guilds; (7) govern-
ment and administration; (8) household protegés ;
(9) religious influences on social conditions. ‘
History and Chronology : (1)development of the Anatolian
Religion in history; (2) local diversity in Anatolian
Religion ; (8) chronology.
B. Tse HELLENIC RELIGION.
I. Early Greek Religion.
II. Greek Religion and Greek Law.
Ill, The Elements of Hellenic Religion. ae
IVY. The Growth of Hellenic Religion: (1) continuity of de- velopment; (2) growth of mythology; (3) polytheism and the Hellenic unity; (4) formation of the Hellenic Pantheon ; (5) the Hellenic Religion an ideal; (6)
VI.
IX.
RELIGION OF GREECE 109
theory of the Hellenic Pantheon ; (7) moralization of the Hellenic gods ; (8) the Daimones and the Divine in the physical world ; (9) restrictions on the nature of the gods; (10) State gods and gods within the State ; (11) extension of the worship of a god; (12) State recognition of the Pan-Hellenic Religion; (13) the Hellenic Religion a part of the City-State ; an the Hellenic conception of piety. V. The Hellenic classification of deities as Olympian and Chthonian : (1) Hellenism and the thought of death ; (2) the Olympian and the Chthonian gods, VI. The Religion of Apollo and the Delphic Oracle (L.R.F.), C. LaTsR DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGION IN THE GREEK Wort. I. Religion in Literature and Philosophy. Il. The attitude of St. Paul to Greek Philosophy. III, Degradation of the Hellenic Religion: (1) foreign in- fluence ; (2){susceptibility to foreign religious influence ; (3) manner in which foreign religion entered Greece ; (4) itinerant priests; (5) magic; (6) the worship of living men as deities. IV. Religion of the Graco-Asiatic cities. V. Decay and death of the Hellenic Religion. Literature.
The religion of the Greek peoples and of the races which lay between Hellas and the strictly Oriental nations, in communication with both, influencing and influenced by both, is a subject which can hardly be omitted in a survey of. the religions which came into immediate relation to Christi- anity in the earliest stage of its history ; and yet it is a subject which at the present time is hardly susceptible of adequate treatment within narrow space. The antiquities of the most notable Hellenic cults have been much investigated, though not always in a very intelligent fashion or with a proper conception of the religious bearing of the details so carefully and laboriously collected. Hence the religious ideas and conceptions entertained by the various tribes of Greece, often differing widely from one another, have hardly been sufficiently observed and studied in their gradual evolution; and, in fact, evidence is so scanty in regard to most of them, that it is doubtful if the attempt could be successful.
If the religion of the strictly Greek tribes is still very obscure, much more is this the case with what may be called the half-Greek peoples* of Asia Minor. This is a subject still almost unstudied, or studied occasionally, in a haphazard way, parti- ally, and as a sort of appendix to the religion of Greece proper. This way of entering on the study, under the bias and colouring influence of Greek prepossession, is, we believe, injurious, and has caused much misapprehension. One should rather begin the study of Greek religion from Asia Minor, both as being more primitive in many of its forms, and as having sent into Greece a series of religious waves which strongly affected that coun- try. Ata later period the Greek influence returned over Asia Minor, and overran it in a superficial way ; but this new period in religion was broadly different, and easily distinguishable from the older and truly Anatolian period. It is necessary to begin afresh in that country, to collect and classify and value the religious facts, and on this basis to give an account of the religion of the peoples; but that is a great work, which is far too large for the narrow limits of an article. Probably the most useful way at present will be to state as simply and clearly as possible the views which the writer is disposed to hold, avoiding disputation and argu- ment, and therefore making little reference to discrepant views, except where such reference is the shortest way of stating the subject clearly. This gives unavoidably an appearance of dog- matism, which the writer can only apologize for as the necessary result of the attempt to make the subject clear in small space: if the views of others were stated, either the article would become a confusing congeries of irreconcilable theories, or it would grow too large in estimating and discussing