PUBLIC-DOMAIN CHRISTIAN BOOK
A Dictionary of the Bible — Volume 5
James Hastings · 1,128,046 words · 1137 reading sections
Section 1
of Theology at Cla Cal ro + - we a ; ag ey Om: A we - ral = ane ‘yrs —) cos 7 _ “sare @ = , “XN - ' yi : Pt ae P ey aN : ; = ‘ 7 ™ Pe ec ary, -_* aa » ? m4 , ge : e a ~e a? : a. : _ ‘ ri ii ' sus A bes” « Dictionary. of the Bible , “w“ ee BS ALO HS V8 - A Dictionary of the Bible LANGUAGE, LITERATURE, AND…
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ne BARTLET, Professor J. VERNON . . ‘ . Didache. Bess, Principal LLEWELLYN J. M. - Continental Versions. BENNETT, Professor W. H. . : ; ‘ . Wages. BLOMFIELD, Rear-Admiral R. M. Ships and Boats. BuaL, Professor FRANTS 22 39 93 DRUMMOND, Principal J. FAIRWEATHER, Rev. W.. FARNELL, Dr. L. R. GARVIE, Professor A. E. . Ha…
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Rev. J. O. F. Murray, M.A., D.D., late Fellow of Emmanuel College, Cambridge ; Warden of St. Augustine’s College, Canter- bury. | ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ARTICLES Title of Article. ee ee ee ee 337 | THEOCRACY 308 | TRINITY . 236 | VERSIONS (ENGLISH) ., 357 | WAGES 143. | WorsHIP OF APOLLO . Author’s Name. Rev. V…
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PEF= Palestine Exploration Fund. PEFSt=Quarterly Statement of the same. PSBA = Proceedings of Soc. of Bibl. Archeology. PLE = Real-Encyclopidie fiir protest. Theologie und Kirche. @PB=Queen’s Printers’ Bible. EB=Revue Biblique. REJ=Revue des Etudes Juives. ?P= Records of the Past. ES= Religion of the Semites. …
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Conversely also, the Matthzan report of the Sermon probably contains some matter which did not form a part of the original discourse. Certain sections of Mt 5-7 are less evidently connected * So Origen, Augustine, Chrysostom, Luther, Tholuck, Meyer, Keim, Achelis, Edersheim, Godet, Bruce, Broadus, Kiubel, Nésgen, Fein…
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the alleged occasion of it was a well-meant fiction of tradition or of the Evangelists.* According to this hypothesis, the material grouped under the title of a mountain discourse to His disciples came from various occasions in the ministry which were no longer remembered. The compilation was made for the practical use…
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The Sermon is not, however, addressed exclu- sively or specifically to the newly - appointed apostles. It contains no trace of esoteric teach- ing. There is no portion of the discourse which does not pertain equally to all of Jesus’ followers, present and future. The internal evidence of the Sermon, therefore, sustains…
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The accounts in Mt 5! 81, Lk 612-17, which describe the setting of the Sermon, both make mention of the mountain, but are not in agreement concerning it. Matthew locates the entire scene upon the mountain; Jesus and His disciples ascend it, apparently by His deliberate choice, to speak and to hear the Sermon ; when it …
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put these passages, with other unattached material from the Logia and other sources, into this middle, mixed section of his book,—in fact, what else could he do? The material was too important to omit, and he was too conscientious a historical author to create scenes for the several pieces. { In the case of three of t…
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Mt 5%. Eoecbe oty tmets rédecor @s 6 TaTip tudy 6 ovpdvios TéNetbs €or. WitiOo *Tldrep quay 6 év rots ovpavots* aylacOynrw Td dvoud cov, WEOdrw Bacirela cov, yevnOyjrw To Oédnud cov, ws év ovpave Kal éml yijs* Urdoy dprov hudy tov ém- ovcLov Ods Nuty onmepov* Kal des huty ra dperih- Kwara hudy, ws Kal tues adjKkauer T…
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(4) After fifteen or twenty years (c. 45-50 a.p.) Christianity began to reach out into the great Roman world by the labours of the Apostle Paul and many others; and it became necessary to translate the Gospel story into Greek, since the non-Palestinian Jews and the Gentiles did not know Aramaic—the language in which th…
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thought. But the fundamental agreement of the | Evangelists in composing their Gospels.* How AD, AD. A.D. A.0. A.D. 30 45 60 75 90 : ' 1 { 3 ’ y -! ’ , Ff 1 u A i ; Aramaic Orat—Tradition——_.-—_ Greek —._Oral—_Tradition . a Gs : rE : ‘ mSX ; : r b ‘ Mattheean z ' Pertod oF ' Seese nad : ‘ i Set asee c.80AD iu ' Matthee…
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The accompanying diagram aims at giving some suggestion of the general course of transmission of the Sermon, and of the kind of sources which each Evangelist may have had before him in pre- paring his report of the discourse. 4, RELATIVE AUTHENTICITY OF THE TWO AC- COUNTS.—Proceeding now upon the view which has been e…
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When Mark wrote his Gospel, about 65-70 a.p., the Matthean Logia (in various Greek forms) was in general use ; this Logia passed over the narrative material of the story of Jesus, and consisted mainly of a collection of Jesus’ discourses and shorter sayings; it included the Sermon, although in what precise form it is v…
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Matthzean wording approves itself as being a better reproduction of what we may understand Jesus to have said; the Matthzean phrase ofros ydp éorw 6 vouos kal of mpopfjrac is absent from the Lukan account on the constant principle of expunging Jewish elements. (5) The same principle explains the significant difference …
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But if we cannot think of the Sermon in Matthew as presenting an absolutely authentic account of that historical discourse, we may yet feel much certainty that it contains many essential teachings from that discourse with substantial trustworthi- ness. In the Evangelists’ reports of the Sermon we have not complete hist…
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syed 10 SERMON ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT which it is essential for all men to know. The religious facts and truths which He presented form the foundation of Christian theology, and His instruction concerning human conduct must lie at the root of any true system of ethics; but He did not teach these subjects i…
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2. EFFECT OF THE TRANSLATION INTO GREEK.— In view of the fact that we have Jesus’ words only in a translation (the original of which has probably passed out of existence), it will be always a wise proceeding to attempt to reproduce the Aramaic form of the words of Jesus which have come down to usonly in Greek. By this …
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* H. Holtzmann, Ibbeken, B. Weiss, Wendt. SERMON ON THE MOUNT val religious movement aimed to accomplish, for what it practically stood. (5) Finally, to take the theme from Mt 51-0 makes it impossible to find any place in the discourse for the greater part of the material contained in Mt 5-7, since the great sections…
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There are, then, some passages in Mt 5-7 and Lk 6°99 which did not historically form a part of the Sermon on the Mount, but which by a process of compilation (either in transmission or as the work of the Evangelists) have become associated with it. But one cannot be sure just how much ex- traneous matter is present in …
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. 18). But the discourse has a double character, for it also ‘indicates the point at which Jesus steps forth from His forther reserve with respect to the ever-increasing hostility of the Pharisees and scribes, and engages in open war against them’ (p. 18). It was this that made the picking out and the union of the disc…
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* Grawert’s theory is composed of two parts which are not interdependent. (1) His analysis of the discourse, parcelling out a number of verses to each Beatitude as its epitome, is artificial and reaches absurdity when it is forced to make ‘Blessed are they that mourn’ oD the epitome of the saying about the mote and the…
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* Logically, however, Ibbeken is driven to a belief in the entire compilation of the Matthean discourse, and he seems to acknowledge this on p. 5. It is impossible to agree with him that it makes no difference for the interpretation of the Sermon whether the parallelism is from Jesus or from the Evangelist. But his obs…
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‘mercy’ (Ages). St. Paul’s constant use of the term (Oixoeroadyn) continued its theological designation. SERMON ON THE MOUNT the mourners, the meek, those who hunger and thirst after righteousness, the merciful, the pure in heart, the peacemakers, those who are persecuted for righteousness’ sake.’ This beatitude typ…
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Whether all the Beatitudes which now appear in Mt 5312 originally stood at the beginning of the Sermon cannot be affirmed with certainty. The fact that the parallel section in Lk 620-23 presents but four Beatitudes, suggests that the four additional Beatitudes in Matthew (the meek, merciful, pure in heart, peacemakers)…
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* The number of Beatitudes is counted as seven by Ewald, Hilgenfeld, Késtlin, Lange, Meyer, Nosgen, Steinmeyer, B. Weiss. The arguments for this view are that Mt 510-12 does not really co-ordinate with vv.311 to make an eighth Beatitude, that Matthew has an intentional parallel to his Beatitudes in the seven Woes of ch…
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The Gospel of Luke contains, in addition to its four Beati- tudes and in immediate sequence upon them, four correspond- ing Woes. With these Woes an increasing difficulty has been felt ; many scholars have come to regard them either as so modified in transmission that they no longer represent Jesus’ spirit, or as a fre…
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Such an expansion should not be charged to Luke himself, but is to the line of tradition from which he drew his material. t The blessedness which Jesus in His Beatitudes affirms of men who attain to the character and per- form the service therein described, belongs both to the present and to the future. In one aspect…
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The Beatitudes present each a special idea, but they are not mutually exclusive. An organic unity binds them all together, and they interlace with one another. Like so many facets of a diamond, they present the ideal life in eight different aspects, they indicate the several characteristics which make up the whole. The…
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}So H. Holtzmann, Ibbeken, Kabisch, Klépper, Tholuck, B. Weiss. The zveiuars does not refer to the Holy Spirit, as main- tained by Achelis (Bergpredigt, p. 5); so that the phrase ‘the poor in spirit’ does not mean ‘the poor through the Holy Spirit,’ nor ‘the poor by the Holy Spirit,’ nor ‘the poor in the possession of …
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SS ee Fe ee en a a ee It is intelligible how the more spiritual teaching might have been coarsened in transmission, under the influence of strongly held false theories concerning a man’s relation to the material world, to the form which Luke derived from his sources; but how Jesus’ teaching as recorded in Matthew. c…
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Although the promise of comfort is in the Beatitude expressed in the future tense, its bestow- ment is not to be regarded as exclusively eschato- logical. As the Kingdom was present among men at the time when Jesus spoke these words, so the comfort of the Kingdom was already a present reality and available to all. Not …
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(4) ‘Blessed are they that hunger and thirst after righteousness: for they shall be filled.2+ The * The phrase 7ST" w7> arose in a literal sense, with refer- ence to the inheritance of the Promised Land of Canaan by the Israelites ; cf. Gn 157, Dt 438, Jos 149. After the Israelites had come into possession of Canaan, …
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+ Mt 57 paxcpion of trchoves, ors adrol tAenOhoovres. Luke has no parallel. t So closely connected are the two ideas that the Heb. 77s, which more commonly should be and is represented in the LXX by dizesoctyy, is at times translated by éAenuocivy; cf. Dt 625 2413, Ps 245 335 1036, Is 127. In the Sermon passage Mt 61 …
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) ‘Blessed are the peacemakers: for they shall be called sons of God.’+ The term edpyvoro.ds occurs in the LXX form of Pr 10, and the thought is present also in Pr 12%, But ‘ peace’ was not so common an OT idea as those dealt with in the previous Beatitudes. Some have maintained that the meaning of e/pyv. in this passa…
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+ The Wevdowevor of Mt 511 is attested by NBCE and the majority of witnesses; it is omitted by D and certain other witnesses of the ‘ Western’ text. The word is therefore com- monly accepted here. But if the new claims for the ‘ Western’ type of text have good foundation, it is not impossible that this Levdoquevor is, …
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c. Relation to the Old Testament.—Mt 5*"-* (ef, Lk 16”). The logical relation of these verses to what precedes is clear: Jesus has set forth the new Gospel norm of life (5%1*), and has enjoined His followers to live this life openly before the world (5!-16); now He proceeds to show the relation of this new Gospel norm …
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That His Gospel was a fuller revelation, Jesus made abundantly plain. He did not re-enact the Ten Commandments, but only re-established the principles which underlay them (Mt 22%). He abrogated such provisions and implications of the Law as were adapted only to the earlier stages of civilization, thus: mere external co…
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24 SERMON ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT ee Divine ideal within Himself, and needed no ex- ternal criterion. So that there seems no room for a difference of opinion as to what Jesus meant by saying that He came to ‘fulfil’ the Law and the Prophets. He could not have meant that He would secure the literal accompli…
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t Concerning the interpretation of the phrase ds dv ody Adan Lia réiv evToAay TobTaY Trav tAnxioray, B. Weiss, Meyer-Komm., ti. d. Mattevgm. p. 105, says: ‘The phrase ‘one of the least of these commandments” refers not to the Pharisaic distinction neither of these statements could have been made by Jesus ; they are di…
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t The figurative language should therefore be interpreted qualitatively, not quantitatively. So apparently, though not SERMON ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT 25 to question the precise authenticity of the utterances as they stand reported in Mt 518.19.* The wording of them presents the rabbinical conception of the …
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1187-52 164. 15. 19-31 189-14 5 their painful shallowness and perversity, in comparison with what they would have been had they lived faithful to the OT teaching, need not here be described. In vv.17-9 Jesus has explained the relation of His Gospel norm to that of the Law and the Prophets. In v.”° He has contrasted His…
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* With od govetoeis (v.21) compare LXX of Ex 2018, Dt 517. jzovcure (V.4) refers to the reading and exposition of the OT in the synagogues. ros dpyaios (v.21) is a dative of indirect object, as nearly all scholars (against Ewald, Keim) now hold= ‘to the ancients,’ z.e. to those who first received the Mosaic Law (so Ble…
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* Jesus in speaking to Jews appealed, no doubt often (cf. Mt 65.17 715 1041 1817), to their reverence for the temple with its sacrificial system, and to their many religious ideas and cus- toms. In doing so He did not signify that He shared all these ideas and practices with them, Jesus is not reported by the Gospels a…
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§ On the Jewish marriage laws and practice see Josephus, Ant. 1v. viii. 23; Vita, § 76. Also cf. Wiinsche, Eridéuterung der Evangelien, pp. 52-57; Edersheim, Life and Times of Jesus the Messiah, i. 352-364, ii. 332-834 ; Tholuck, Bergrede®, pp. 227- 234 [Eng. tr. pp. 217-221]; and art. MARRIAGE in vol. iil. || Tholuck…
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28 SERMON ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT all the married to strive for the attainment of this ideal. He did not enter into the casuistry of the matter, but fixed the principle. How far in actual ecclesiastic or civic legislation, at any given period or place, the ideal can _ be practically formulated and demanded, …
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e. Unselfishness and Forgiveness.—Mt 5°" = Lk 62-80, The OT Law did, in fact, provide that punish- ment should be in degree and kind, ‘an eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth’; thus we read in Ex 217-5 «Thou shalt give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burning for burning, wo…
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t See esp. Harnack, Das Wesen des Christentwms, 1901, pp. 45-47 [Eng. tr. pp. 70-74]. § Matt. Arnold, Literature and Dogma, p. 181f. See also Mt 2649-54, Mix 831-37, Lk 954.55, and cf. Is 506 531-12, St. Paul also teaches with great emphasis the same forgiving and self- oe principle of life (Ro 1217-1, 1 Co 61-8, 1 Th…
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30 SERMON ON THE MOUNT SERMON ON THE MOUNT Jf. Universal Love. —Mt 54-8 = Lk 627: 28-32-36, When Jesus begins this sixth paragraph illustra- tive of His statements in Mt 51-2 with the words ‘Ye have heard that it was said, Thou shalt love thy neighbour and hate thine enemy,’ He is not quoting precisely any OT or extr…
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try and caste spirit His own teaching, Mt 5 ‘Love your enemies, and pray for them that persecute you,’ the term ‘ enemies’ is to be understood in the most comprehensive and general sense of all who do not feel and act lovingly towards one. It no longer means ‘foreigners,’ for Jesus has removed all national barriers, m…
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* On this sonship see Wendt, Lehre Jesu, ii. 145f. In using the term ‘Father’ for expressing most completely His con- ception of God, Jesus thinks of the family as most character- istic of the relation between God and men. In the family the sons may be either true or false to their relation to their father ; if they lo…
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(Ly 1629-84), and was practised on other occasions also (Ex 348, 1S 76, 28 1216, Jer 369, Dn 103). The prophets sometimes spoke against it (Is 5838, Jer 1412, Zec 75), but it was a prevailing usage throughout the Hebrew history, cf. Jth 68, To 128, In the NT also the Pharisee is represented as boasting in his prayer, ‘…
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dishevelled hair being an Oriental sign of grief and abasement, cf, 28 1220, Ts 613, Dn 103, 1 Mac 347; that this is what is meant is seen in v.17f, where Jesus bids them give no external sign of their fasting. * No one would seriously attempt to put these commands of Jesus into practice as precepts to be literally ob…
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In order to consider in detail the differences which exist between the two accounts of the Lord’s Prayer, it is necessary to make the com- parison on the basis of the modern critical texts of the NT, such as Tischendorf’s eighth edition and Westcott and Hort’s text (with which the RV closely agrees). One notices first …
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* Augustine (Hnchirid. 116) regarded this phrase as a separate petition, making seven in all, and this became the standard Roman Catholic interpretation : it was adopted also by Luther, and is continued by Lutheran commentators. Among modern scholars there are many who accept this—some on traditional grounds (Kibel, Né…
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t On this point see the older works of Méller, Augusti, Wet- stein, Lightfoot, and Schéttgen; also, Achelis, Bergpredigt, p. 238f.; B. Weiss, Meyer-Komm. ti. d. Mattevgm. p. 138; nn ne SERMON ON THE MOUNT of these Jewish prayer-formulas are subsequent in origin to the lst cent. A.D., and may well have been influence…
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* It is not to be said that the artistic literary structure of the Prayer is unworthy of Jesus, and must therefore be attributed to the Evangelist. On the contrary, Jesus designedly presented much of His teaching in metre and rhythm (see above, ii. 1). His marvellous literary power was exercised not for art’s sake, but…
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+ Whether the Prayer was originally given in Aramaic or Hebrew has been discussed, but without a certain conclusion. Chase is sure it was in Aramaic; see, further, Taylor, Sayings of the Jewish Fathers 2 (1897), p. 176 £. ¢ Compare the parallel clause in the Jewish synagogal prayer Kaddish: ‘Magnificetur et sanctifice…
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${ The conception that God’s will is already perfectly done in heaven, by the angelic host, is at the same time an assurance and a model for the full realization of His will on earth among men. The angels are frequently mentioned both in the OT (Ps 9111 10320) and in the NT (Mt 1810 2436 2653, Mik 938 1225 1327. 32, Li…
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SERMON ON THE MOUNT As repiotc.os means ‘ beyond what is necessary, so emovovov means ‘exactly what is necessary.’ “This _ is the conception of supply which we find ‘in Pr 308 ‘Feed me with the food that is needful for me.’ There are similar Targumic and Talmudic expres- sions. ‘The wording of the petition as given by…
900 wordsSource & rights
Public-domain historical reference work (1898–1905); OCR text from Internet Archive. Historical scholarship and terminology reflect its era; OCR may contain errors. Verify quotations and current scholarly claims independently.
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Historical Christian writing; not Scripture.