Again, there was a great deal of emigration in search of employment. This led chiefly to the great cities, and, above all, to Rome. In the great citymen of all nations were found ; and the Syrian Orontes, as Juvenal (Sat. iii. 62) says, emptied itself into the Tiber. But in every city visitors or strangers resident for business purposes were common : they came as traders, actors, and artists, physicians, magicians, and quacks, teachers of grammar, philosophy, and rhetoric, and soon. The inserip- tions of every province offer numerous examples.
Formal geographical accounts of the products, resources, cities, and monuments of various coun- tries in the Roman world were in existence. Strabo’s Geography, written about A.D. 19, and Pausanias’s elaborate account of all that was worth seeing in Greece (written in the 2nd cent.), were the outcome of a great many previous works of similar kind.
v. RoAD MAPS, GUIDE-BOOKS, AND STATISTICS. —Maps of the roads, lists of halting-places and distances both by land and by sea journeys, and other means whereby intending travellers could plan out and reckon their route, were evidently common. A fragment of an account, indicated day by day, of a journey through the Cilician Gates, has been found in Rome;+ and it is quite probable that such an itinerary on papyrus could be purchased in Tarsus in the time of St. Paul. Many such itineraries in more or less complete form have been preserved, belonging mostly to a later time.
* Isthmiaca, Or. 8. By a slip his Corinthiaca is quoted in its stead in the art. on ‘Corinth’ in vol. i. p. 479.
+ CIL yi. 5076; Hist. Geogr. of Asia Minor, p. 68; see art. on ‘Tarsus and the great Taurus Pass’ in Geogr. Jowrndl, 1903.
But similar ones were at the disposal of the geographers such as Strabo (B.C. 64-A.D. 19), whose account even of countries which he had not geen is accurate to a degree otherwise impossible of attainment. Four silver vases have been found at Vicarello in Etruria, shaped like milestones, and inscribed with the full itinerary from Cadiz to Rome. They belong to different periods, and re- present therefore a long-continued custom: they can hardly be explained otherwise than as dedica- tions made at the famous baths of Vicarello by Spaniards, who in gratitude left a memorial of themselves and their journey as a votive offering to the Divine healing power at the baths.
vi. MEANS OF LOCOMOTION IN JOURNEYS BY LAND.—The land journeys mentioned in the NT seem to have been for the most part performed on foot. There is one evident exception. In Ac 2115.16 g journey of 68 Roman miles is described from Ceesarea to Jerusalem. That long distance was traversed in two days: that this was the duration of the journey is shown clearly in the Western text, which mentions that the travellers rested for the night in a village at the house of Mnason and went on to Jerusalem the next day, while the Cesarean disciples returned home. Though this meaning is not so clearly evident in the accepted text of Ac 21), it appears on closer consideration to lie in it also: v.”, they set about the journey to Jerusalem (imperfect tense): v.2%, they lodged with Mnason, to whose house the Czesarean disciples conducted them: v.! they reached Jerusalem and were welcomed (see Expositor, March 1895, p. 214ff.).* It is clearly irreconcilable with the results which we have at- tained, that a miscellaneous body of travellers from various cities of Greece and Asia Minor, who must have had some personal luggage with them, could perform a journey of 68 miles in two days on foot without horse or carriage.
Now, in 21% the preparation for this journey is described : the writer at the beginning of the land stage of the long journey felt it necessary to ex- plain that some preparations were made. The word used is émoxevacduevo,+ which Chrysostom renders ‘we took what was needed for the land journey’ (rad mpds Thy ddouroplay aPdvres). There must lie in this some allusion to the horses or vehicles for the journey ; and it is not impossible that dtrofvyia or fea is to be understood with 7é in Chrysostom’s explanation. But, however that may be, equipment and preparation obviously imply means of conveyance. In the case of persons who simply rose up and walked to Jerusalem, there would have been no room or need, in this extremely concise narrative, for describing their preparations. The narrative, therefore, makes it clear that there was some amount of luggage to be carried to Jerusalem, and that horses or carriages had to be employed. Now émicxevaca troy means ‘to saddle or to load a horse,’ + and it seems quite possible in Greek to take the middle voice as meaning ‘ we got ready or saddled horses for our use.’§ Both horses and carriages could undoubtedly be hired for journeys in such a city as Caesarea (see Fried- linder, p. 20 ff).
vii. SHIPS AND SHIPPING ARRANGEMENTS.— Little that could be said on this point has any bearing on the NT.
The art of shipbuilding had been so greatly im- proved that vessels of very considerable size were
* We regard the Western text here as a skilful and correct commentary on the briefer reading, but not as the original Lukan language.
| arorxeveceevos in a few MSS can hardly be correct.